Industrial Poisons + Detection of Poisons | Lab

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Cards (90)

  • Route of Poisoning for Industrial Chemicals:
    • Percutaneous
    • Inhalation
    • Ingestion
  • Methanol - most frequently found in "canned heat" or in windshield-washing products.
  • Methanol is used in windshield-washing products to prevent freezing.
  • The effects of methanol is visual disturbances (blurred vision to blindness)
  • The antidote for methanol poisoning is Fomepizole or Ethanol.
  • Methanol -ROH DHD-> Formaldehyde -ROH DHD-> Formic Acid
  • Formaldehyde - gas with a pungent odor used in the processing of paper, fabrics, & wood products and for the production of urea foam insulation.
  • The local effects of formaldehyde is mucosal irritation.
  • The systemic effects of formaldehyde is blindness, CNS depression, coma, metabolic acidosis.
  • The treatment for formaldehyde poisoning is NH3 and NaHCO3
  • Which treatment of formaldehyde serves as a buffer for metabolic acidosis?
    NaHCO3
  • NH3 and NaHCO3 works by neutralizing formaldehyde and reduces irritation.
  • Acetone - primary ingredient in fingernail polish remover, airplane glues, varnish, and rubber cement.
  • The effects of acetone are CNS depression, coma, and respiratory depression.
  • The treatment for acetone poisoning is neutralization with milk or water.
  • Phenol - a protein denaturant.
  • Protein Denaturant - causes severe tissue damage, burns, necrosis, CNS depression, respiratory distress, GI distress, and renal failure.
  • What is the derivative of Phenol?
    Lysol (50% cresol)
  • Phenol - highly toxic and corrosive; disinfectant
  • The treatment for dermal exposure to phenol is Polyethylene Glycol.
  • The treatment for inhalational exposure to phenol is 100% humidified O2.
  • The treatment for oral exposure to phenol is castor, mineral oil, and other emollients.
  • Ethylene Glycol - used as heat exchangers, in antifreeze formulations (industrial cooling systems), and as industrial solvents.
  • Routes for Ethylene Glycol Poisoning:
    • Ingestion
    • Inhalation
    • Skin Absorption
  • Ingestion of ethylene glycol -> liver metabolism:
    1. -> glycolic acid -> metabolic acidosis
    2. -> oxalic acid -> renal failure
  • The antidote for ethylene glycol poisoning is Fomepizole, Ethanol Infusion, and Hemodialysis.
  • Thiamine and Pyridoxine helps prevent the formation of oxalic acid in ethylene glycol poisoning.
  • The effects of ethylene glycol poisoning:
    • transient excitation -> CNS depression
    • severe metabolic acidosis (developed from accumulation of acid metabolites and lactate)
    • deposition of oxalate in renal tubules --> delayed renal insufficiency
    • severe anion gap metabolic acidosis with hyperventilation and altered mental status (after 12 hrs)
  • The MOA of cyanide inhibits cytochrome oxidase (key enzyme in cell respiration ) and prevents cellular respiration -> cell hypoxia -> ATP depletion
  • Cyanide - found in fruits (prunus spp.) like apricot, pear, apple, cassava, bitter almond, wild black berry, and peach.
  • The effects of cyanide poisoning:
    • CNS and CVS disturbances
    • Odor of bitter almonds
    • Cherry red blood (severe) -> formation of cyanohemoglobin
  • The inhalational treatment for cyanide poisoning is amyl nitrite.
  • The IV treatment for cyanide poisoning is Na nitrite and Na thiosulfate.
  • Na thiosulfate - IV treatment for cyanide poisoning that works by binding to cyanide and make thiocyanate (a less toxic metabolite).
  • Dicobalt edentrate (Keloccyanor) and Hydroxycobalamin (Vitamin B12) is the treatment for cyanide poisoning that works as chelating agent and facilitate elimination of cyanide.
  • Lead - found in canned goods, auto-mobile exhaust, cables, and paints.
  • Lead works by combining with -SH -> inactivation of enzymes
  • Lead Toxicity is aka Plumbism
  • The effects of lead toxicity:
    • Milky vomitus
    • Black stool
    • Painter's colic
    • Black line on gums (burton's line)
    • Wrist drop/foot drop
    • HA
    • Irritability
    • Cognitive impairment
    • Peripheral neuropathy
  • Lead Toxicity
    L - lines on gingiva (Burton's line)
    E - encephalopathy
    A - abdominal pain, anemia, amenorrhea
    D - drop (wrist and foot drop)