NEUROPHY

• Brain structures


  • Cerebellum
  • Basal Nuclei (BN)
  • Cerebral Cortex
  • Limbic System
  • Hypothalamus
• Left cerebellar tumor


  Affects the right side of the body
• Destruction of lateral hypothalamic nuclei

  Results in malnutrition
• Ventromedial portion of hypothalamus

  Controls opposition for desire of food
• Properties of granular neurons


  • Also called stellate neurons
  • Generally has short axons, and functions as interneurons
  • Found in the sensory areas of the cortex
  • Has inhibitory function via glutamate as NTM
• Wernicke's area


  • Found in the middle gyrus of the temporal lobe
  • Usually highly developed on right side in most individuals
  • Also called agnostic area
  • Activation can cause processing of memory patterns
• Hypophyseal portal system


  Allows hypothalamic hormones to be transported without entering the systemic circulation first
• Habituation


  Principle of treatment where patient is asked to continue doing something that aggravates symptoms, leading to decreased dizziness after repeated performance
• Pathways the thalamocortical system does not send to and from

  • Gustatory pathway
  • Olfactory pathway
• Broca's area


  • Found posterior the lateral prefrontal cortex
  • Lesion will cause inability to interpret and produce words
  • Has control over skilled motor patterns of speech
• 50% of people have the left hemisphere as the dominant hemisphere
• Negative memory always refers to those memories that are unpleasant and tried to be forgotten
• Affectation of preoptic area of hypothalamus

  Results in drop in body temperature, leading to shivering to gain energy and warm up the body
• Destruction of lateral hypothalamic nuclei

  Results in adipsia, the lack of thirst
• Neurohypophysial system


  Synthesizes vasopressin
• Corticomedial nuclei of amygdala


  Related to the sense of smell
• Reticular activating system


  Primarily related to sleep function
• Behaviors regulated by limbic system


  • Sexual behavior
  • Fear
  • Anger
• Stimulation of punishment centers

  Leads to aversion as it may trigger pain and fear
• Structure that mediates emotions and fear when about to be run over

  Limbic system
• Hypothalamus


  Major control center for the limbic system, important for maintaining homeostasis
• Spinocerebellum


  Primarily concerned with postural control via input from red nucleus to motor activity
• Cerebrocerebellum


  Primarily concerned with prediction, planning, motor imagery and spatiotemporal relations
• Positive reinforcement in physical therapy

  Related to reward, correlated with persistent performance
• Coma


  Suggests affectation above 4th cranial nerve
• Hypothalamic nuclei responsible for feeding and swallowing reflexes

  Anterolateral nuclei
• Dorsomedial nuclei of hypothalamus


  Primarily responsible for range control
• Anterior pituitary gland


  Responsible for growth, digestion, heart and muscle function, and bone maintenance
• Hormones synthesized in anterior pituitary gland

  • Growth hormone
  • Thyroid stimulating hormone
  • Prolactin
• Experience of terror, displeasure, fear, punishment and sickness

  Inhibits punishment or reward center
• Patient unable to interpret meanings of written words

  Condition is prosopagnosia
• Hypophyseal portal system


  Main function is to transport and exchange hormones between the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland
• Unusually high blood pressure and heart rate


  Suggests affection of posterior hypothalamic nuclei
• Boundaries of hypothalamus


  • Cingulate gyrus
  • Amygdala
  • Septum pellucidum
  • Hippocampus
• Thalamus


  Called the "window" by which the limbic system sees the place of the person in the world due to its numerous connections
• Destruction of ventromedial nuclei

  Results in excessive increase in eating
• Hormones produced in hypothalamus and transported to posterior pituitary


  Distributed to the body via hypophyseal vessels
• Bulboreticular facilitatory area


  Transmits signals upward to the thalamus and downward to the spinal cord
• Mechanisms of facilitation of intermediate memory

  • Progressive closure of calcium channels causing facilitation and release of NTM
  • Facilitation occurs both in the sensory and facilitatory terminals
  • Serotonin activates receptors in the terminals membrane
  • cAMOP activates protein kinase
• Lesions in this structure

  Cause difficulty remembering the past but may still be able to form new memories - the hippocampus