BIONERGETICS

• what is the word equation for photosynthesis?

  carbon dioxide + water (+ light) → glucose + oxygen
• what is the symbol equation for photosynthesis?

  CO₂ + H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + O₂
• what is photosynthesis in terms of energy?

  an endothermic reaction which transfers energy from the environment to the chloroplasts by light
• what is the optimal temperature for photosynthesis?


  45℃
• what is the inverse square law?

  light intensity ∝ 1 / distance²
• how may glucose produced in photosynthesis be used?


  - used for respiration

  - converted into insoluble starch for storage

  - used to produce fat or oil for storage

  - used to produce cellulose, which strengthens the cell wall

  - used to produce amino acids for protein synthesis
• what do plants also use to produce protein?

  nitrate ions absorbed from the soil
• what is cellular respiration in terms of energy?

  an exothermic reaction which is continuously occurring in living
• what is the word equation for aerobic respiration?

  glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water
• what is the symbol equation for aerobic respiration?

  C₆H₁₂O₆ + O₂ → CO₂ + H₂O
• what is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in muscles?

  glucose → lactic acid
• what is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in plant and yeast cells?

  glucose → ethanol + carbon dioxide
• how does the human body respond to exercise and why?

  the heart rate, breathing rate and breath volume increase to supply the muscles with more oxygenated blood
• what does the incomplete oxidation of glucose cause?

  a build up of lactic acid and oxygen debt
• how is lactic acid removed?

  blood flowing through the muscles transports it back to the liver and it's converted into glucose
• what is oxygen debt?


  the amount of extra oxygen the body needs after exercise to react with the accumulated lactic acid and remove it from the cells
• what is metabolism?

  the sum of all chemical reactions in a cell or body
• what is the energy made from respiration used for?

  the continual enzyme-controlled processes of metabolism that synthesize new molecules
• what are examples of metabolism including big molecules made from small molecules?

  - glucose → starch, glycogen and cellulose

  - lipids → 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acid molecules

  - glucose + nitrate ions → amino acids → proteins
• what are examples of metabolism including big molecules broken down into small ones?

  - respiration

  - breakdown of excess proteins to form urea for excretion