CARDIOVASCULAR

• Blood-vascular or Circulatory System


  Transports nutrients and waste products to and from the cell
• Blood


  • Circulated by the Heart
• Heart


  • Muscular pumping device
• Blood vessels


  • Closed system
• Heart beats about 100,000 per day, 35,000,000 per year, 2,500,000,000 in a lifetime
• Left side of heart pumps blood through an estimated 100,000 kilometers or 60,000 miles of blood vessels (equivalent to travelling 3 times around earth's equator)
• Right side of heart pumps through the lungs enabling blood to pick up oxygen and unload carbon dioxide
• Even while sleeping, heart pumps 30 times its own weight / minute, 5 liters (5.3 qt) to the lungs and the rest of the body, 14,000 liters of blood per day / 3, 600 gallons, 5,000,000 liters per year / 1.3 million gallons
• Heart pumps more vigorously when a person is active
• Cardiology


  Scientific study of the heart and the diseases associated with it
• Cardiologist


  Physicians who specialize on this field, specialty of internal medicine
• Size, form, and location of the heart

  • Relatively small, roughly the same size as your closed fist, about 12 cm (5 in.) long, 9 cm (3.5 in.) wide at its broadest point, and 6 cm (2.5 in.) thick, with an average mass of 250 g (8 oz) in adult females and 300 g (10 oz) in adult males
• Mediastinum

  Anatomical region that extends from the sternum to the vertebral column, from the first rib to the diaphragm, and between the lungs, tilted to the left (⅔ of the mass of the heart), where the heart lies like a cone lying on its side
• Base of the heart

  Opposite the apex and is its posterior aspect, formed by the atria of the heart, mostly the left atrium
• Apex of the heart


  Formed by the tip of the left ventricle, directed anteriorly, inferiorly, and to the left
• Functions of the heart

  • Generating blood pressure, Ensuring one way blood flow, Routing blood, Regulating blood supply
• Fibrous pericardium


  Composed of tough, inelastic, dense irregular connective tissue, prevents overstretching of the heart, provides protection, and anchors the heart in the mediastinum
• Pericardium


  Membrane that supports and surround the heart, divided into fibrous and serous pericardium
• Parietal serous pericardium


  Deeper and thinner, delicate membrane, forms double layer around the heart and outer parietal is fused to the fibrous pericardium
• Visceral serous pericardium


  Also called as epicardium which adheres tightly to the surface of the heart
• Pericardial fluid


  Thin film of lubricating serous fluid between parietal and visceral pericardium, secretion of pericardial cells which reduces friction between the layers of serous pericardium
• Epicardium


  Thin, transparent outer layer of the heart wall composed of mesothelium, beneath it is a variable layer of delicate fibroelastic tissue and adipose tissue, imparts a smooth, slippery texture to the outermost surface of the heart, contains blood vessels, lymphatics, and vessels that supply the myocardium
• Myocardium


  Responsible for the pumping action of the heart and is composed of cardiac muscle tissue, cardiac muscle fibers are organized in bundles that swirl diagonally around the heart and generate the strong pumping actions of the heart, although it is striated like skeletal muscle, it is involuntary like smooth muscle, middle layer (95% of the heart wall)
• Endocardium


  Thin layer of endothelium overlying a thin layer of connective tissue, provides a smooth lining for the chambers of the heart and covers the valves of the heart, the smooth endothelial lining minimizes the surface friction as blood passes through the heart
• Four chambers of the heart

  Atria receives from veins, Ventricles eject blood from the heart through arteries, Auricles slightly increase the capacity of an atrium so that it can hold greater volume of blood
• Right atrium


  Forms the right surface of the heart and receives blood from three veins: the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus, about 2–3 mm (0.08–0.12 in.) in average thickness
• Tricuspid valve


  Blood passes from the right atrium into the right ventricle through a valve that is called the tricuspid valve because it consists of three cusps or leaflets, also called the right atrioventricular valve
• Right ventricle


  Found below the right atrium, it is about 4 –5 mm (0.16–0.2 in.) in average thickness and forms most of the anterior surface of the heart
• Interventricular septum


  The right ventricle is separated from the left ventricle by a partition called the interventricular septum
• Pulmonary trunk and pulmonary semilunar valve


  Blood passes from the right ventricle through the pulmonary valve (pulmonary semilunar valve) into a large artery called the pulmonary trunk, which divides into right and left pulmonary arteries and carries blood to the lungs
• Left atrium


  Forms most of the base of the heart, receives blood from the lungs through four pulmonary veins, inside has a smooth posterior wall
• Bicuspid valve


  Blood passes from the left atrium into the left ventricle through the bicuspid which has two cusps, also called as the mitral or the left atrioventricular valve
• Left ventricle


  Thickest chamber of the heart, averaging 10–15 mm (0.4–0.6 in.), forms the apex of the heart
• Aortic valve


  Blood passes from the left ventricle through the aortic valve (aortic semilunar valve) into the ascending aorta, the remainder of the blood passes into the arch of the aorta and descending aorta (thoracic aorta and abdominal aorta), branches of the arch of the aorta and descending aorta carry blood throughout the body
• Atrioventricular (AV) valves


  Tricuspid and bicuspid valves located between an atrium and a ventricle
• Semilunar (SL) valves


  Aortic and pulmonary valves made up of three crescent moon–shaped cusps
• Pathway of blood flow to the heart

  Oxygen-poor blood from the body returns to the right atrium, blood from the upper body returns through the superior vena cava, blood from the lower body returns through the inferior vena cava, blood is pumped from the right atrium to the right ventricle, then to the pulmonary artery and lungs, oxygen-rich blood from the lungs returns to the left atrium, then to the left ventricle, then to the aorta and body
• Pulmonary circulation


  Moves blood between the heart and the lungs, right side of the heart is the pump for pulmonary circulation
• Systemic circulation


  Moves blood between the heart and the rest of the body, left side of the heart is the pump for systemic circulation
• Coronary circulation (cardiac circulation)


  Circulation of blood in the blood vessels that supply the heart muscle (myocardium), coronary arteries supply oxygenated blood to the heart muscle, and cardiac veins drain away the blood once it has been deoxygenated