REQUIRED PRACTICAL

• what is the method to make soluble salts? (6) (HEFEC)


  1. add acid to a beaker

  2. heat gently with a bunsen burner

  3. add metal oxide/hydroxide/carbonate until it is in excess

  4. filter excess with filter paper + funnel

  5. heat in evaporating basin and allow to crystallize

  6. pat dry
• what is the method for neutralization? (7) (VITSHA)


  1. use a pipette to add 25cm³ of alkali to a beaker

  2. add a white tile underneath

  3. fill a burette with acid and record the volume

  4. add indicator

  5. add acid drop by drop while swirling the beaker

  6. close burette when color changes, record acid volume and calculate titre

  7. repeat for concordant results
• what is the method for electrolysis? (4)

  1. add 50cm³ of salt solution to a beaker

  2. add the lid and electrodes, making sure they're not touching

  3. connect the electrodes to a low power supply with crocodile clips

  4. switch the power supply on and observe
• what is the method for temperature changes?

  1. add 25cm³ of acid to a polystyrene cup

  2. place cup inside a beaker

  3. record the temperature of the acid

  4. add 5cm³ of alkali, put a lid and gently stir

  5. record max temperature, repeat with further amounts of alkali

  6. repeat everything to calculate a mean maximum temperature
• Independent variable


  • The thing you change
• Dependent variable


  • The other thing that changes as a result which you measure
• Control variables


  • Things that could change but we keep them the same throughout in order to ensure the results are accurate
• Making salt crystals


  1. Heat acid

  2. Add excess copper oxide

  3. Filter unreacted copper oxide

  4. Gently heat solution in evaporating basin
• Electrolysis


  1. Put solution in beaker

  2. Get two carbon electrodes, put in solution making sure they don't touch

  3. Connect electrodes to power supply

  4. Positive electrode is anode, negative is cathode

  5. Cation reduced at cathode, anion oxidized at anode
• Temperature changes


  1. Carry out reaction in insulated cup with thermometer

  2. Add other reactant and record maximum temperature

  3. Repeat with increasing volumes of alkali

  4. Draw lines of best fit to find amount of alkali needed to neutralise acid
• Rates of reaction


  1. Measure volume of gas produced over time

  2. Or measure time for reaction mixture to go cloudy
• Chromatography


  1. Put spot of mixture on paper

  2. Hang paper in beaker of water so bottom touches

  3. Water moves up paper by capillary action, separating components

  4. Calculate RF value (distance solute moves / distance water moves)
• Water purification


  Heat water in flask, condense vapour in cold tube
• Neutralization titration


  1. Measure volume of alkali

  2. Add acid slowly, swirling, until indicator turns pink

  3. Use moles to calculate unknown concentration
• Flame test


  • To identify metal ions
• Precipitate tests


  • To identify non-metal ions like carbonate, halides, sulfate