mix

• Therapeutic effect


  the primary effects intended, that is the reason the drug is prescribed. Also called "desired effect".
• side effects


  the effect of the drug that is unintended. Also called "secondary effect"
• Drug allergy


  the immunologic, reaction to the drug
• Anaphylactic reaction


  severe allergic reaction which usually occurs immediately following administration of the drug.
• Drug Tolerance


  a decreased physiologic response to the repeated administration of a drug or chemically related substance. Excessive Increase in the dosage is required in order to maintain the desired therapeutic effect
• Drug Abuse


  inappropriate intake of a substance, either continually or periodically.
• Drug Dependence


  it is a person's reliance to take a drug or substance, Intense physical or emotional disturbance is produced if the drug is withdrawn.
• Addiction


  it is due to biochemical changes in the body tissues, especially the nervous system. These tissues come to require the substance for normal functioning. Also called "physical dependence".
• Drug Interaction


  effects of one drug are modified by the prior or concurrent administration of another drug, thereby increasing or decreasing the pharmacological action.
• Drug Antagonism


  The conjoint effect of two drugs is less than the drug acting separately.
• Drug Synergism


  the combine effects of drugs is greater than the sum of each individual agent acting independently
• Curative


  treats the disease condition.
• Supportive


  sustains body functions until other treatment of the body's response can take over.
• Palliative


  relieves the symptoms of a disease but not affect the disease itself.
• Substitutive


  replaces body fluids or substances.
• Chemotherapeutic

  destroys malignant cells.- cancer!!!!!
• Restorative


  returns the body to health.
• Oral


  administration of drugs is swallowed.
• sublingual


  -is placed under the tongue, where it dissolves.

  
  

  -The medication should not be swallowed because the medication is absorbed in the blood vessels on the underside of the tongue.
• Buccal


  -it means "pertaining to the cheeks".

  
  

  -A medication, usually a tablet, is held in the mouth against the mucous membranes
• Parenteral


  is defined as other than through the alimentary or respiratory tract; that is by needle.
• intradermal

  -under the epidermis (into the dermis)

  
  

  -Indicated for allergies and using a tuberculin syringe.

  
  

  -Needle at 10-15 degree angle; bevel up.

  
  

  -Inject a small amount of drug slowly over 3 to 5 injections to form a wheel or bleb.

  
  

  -Do not massage the site of injections to prevent irritation of seconds of the site, and to prevent absorption of the drug into the subcutaneous.
• Subcutaneous (hypodermic)


  -Rotate sites of inject minimize tissue damage

  
  

  -Use 5/8 needle for a the injection is admin 45 degree angle; ½ i 90 degree angle.

  
  

  -For thin patients: 45 degree angle.

  
  

  -For obese patients: 90 degree angle of needle.

  
  

  -into the subcutaneous tissue, just below the skin.

  
  

  -Drugs administered subcutaneously are as follows: Vaccines (measles), insulin, heparin.
• Intramuscular


  -into a muscle

  
  

  -Needle length is 1", 1/2", 2" to reach the muscle layer.

  
  

  -Inject the medication slowly to allow the tissue to accommodate the volume.
• Ventrogluteal muscle


  -The site is in the gluteus medius muscle, which lies over the gluteus minimus.

  
  

  -it is the preferred site for IM injections because the area:

  
  

  -Contains no large nerves or blood vessels.

  
  

  -Provides the greatest thickness of gluteal muscle consisting of both the gluteus medius and gluteus minimus.

  
  

  -Is sealed off by bone.

  
  

  -Contains consistently less fat than the buttocks area. Thus eliminating the need to determine the depth of subcutaneous fat.

  
  

  "SCIATIC NERVE" ay IWASAN
• Ventrogluteal muscle


  -This site is suitable for children over 1 year and adults.

  
  

  -Position the client in side-lying with the knee bent and raised slightly toward the chest to help locate the ventrogluteal site more easily.

  
  

  -To locate the site, the nurse places the heel of the hand on the client's greater trochanter, with the fingers pointing toward the client's head.

  
  

  -With the index finger on the client's anterior superior illiac spine, the nurse stretches the middle finger dorsally (toward the buttocks), palpating the iliac crest.
• Dorsogluteal muscle


  -This site is composed of the thick gluteal muscles of the buttocks.

  
  

  -The site should not be used for children under 3 years old unless the child has been walking for at least 1 year.

  
  

  -The midwife must choose the site carefully to avoid striking the sciatic nerve major blood.

  
  

  -Avoid hitting the sciatic nerve to prevent paralysis known as "sciatica paralysis".

  
  

  -The nurse palpates the posterior superior iliac spine, then draws an imaginary line to the greater trochanter of the femur. This line is lateral to and parallel to the sciatic nerve.

  ​
• Vastus lateralis muscle


  -It is recommended as the site of choice for intramuscular injections for infants 1 year and younger.

  
  

  -Because there are no major blood vessels or nerves in the area, it is desirable for infants whose gluteal muscles are poorly developed.

  
  

  -It is situated on the anterior lateral aspect of the infant's thigh.

  
  

  -The landmark is established by dividing the area between the greater trochanter of the femur and the lateral femoral condyle
• Rectus femoris muscle


  -Belongs to the quadriceps muscle group and is situated on the anterior aspect of the thigh.

  
  

  -Advantage: clients who administer their own injections can reach this site easily.

  
  

  -It is found on the lateral aspect of the upper arm.

  
  

  -This site is recommended for the administration of hepatitis B vaccine for adults.
• IM Injection Technique

  -Inject the medication using your dominant hand (as if holding a pencil).

  
  

  -Hold the barrel of the syringe steady with your non-dominant hand.

  
  

  -Aspirate. If no blood, place back your non-dominant hand.
• Topical


  application of medication to a circumscribed surface area of the body. They affect only the area to which they are applied.
• Dermatologic preparations


  -applied to the skin.

  
  

  -Wash and dry area well before application to facilitate absorption
• Instillation and irrigations


  applied into the body cavities or orifices, such as urinary bladder, eyes, ears, nose, rectum, or vagina
• Ophthalmic instillation


  -instillation of medications through the eyes.

  
  

  -Position client either sitting or lying.

  
  

  -Use sterile techniques.

  
  

  -Clean the eyelids and eyelashes with sterile cotton balls moistened with sterile normal saline.

  
  

  -Instill eye drops into the lower conjunctival sac.

  
  

  -Avoid dropping the solution onto the cornea directly because it causes discomfort.
• Otic instillation


  -instillation of medications to or irrigation of the ear.

  
  

  -Warm the solution first at room temperature.

  
  

  -Place the client if side lying position with the ear being treated uppermost.

  
  

  -Strengthen the auditory canal.

  
  

  -Instill the eardrops on the side of the auditory canal to allow the drops to flow in and to continue to adjust to body temperature.

  
  

  -Press gently the tragus of the ear to assist the flow of medication into the ear canal.
• Nasal Instillation


  -Used to administer medication for treatment of infections in the nasal cavity or sinuses.

  
  

  -Have the client blow the nos

  
  

  -Assume back lying position, or sit up and lean head back.

  
  

  -Elevate the nares slightly by pressing the thumb against the client's tip of the nose. While the client inhales, squeeze the bottle.

  
  

  -Keep head tilted backward for 5 minutes after instillition of nasal drops.
• Vaginal


  Use applicator or sterile gloves when administering cream jelly, foam, or suppository.
• Rectal


  -The suppository medication needs to be refrigerated so as not to soften.

  
  

  -Use gloves for insertion.

  
  

  -Have the client lie on the left side and breathe through the mouth to relax the anal sphincter.

  
  

  -Client should remain on the side for 20 minutes after injection to promote adequate absorption of the medication.
• Inhalation


  -administered into the respiratory tract by a nebulizer.

  
  

  -Semi or high-Fowler's position to enhance full chest expansion.

  
  

  -Position the mouthpiece 1 to 2 inches from the client's open mouth.

  
  

  -Instruct clients to hold breath for 10 seconds to enhance complete absorption of the medication.
• • Right medication

  
  

  • Right dose

  
  

  • Right time

  
  

  • Right route

  
  

  • Right client education

  
  

  • Right documentation

  
  

  • Right to refuse

  
  

  • Right client

  
  

  • Right assessment

  
  

  • Right Evaluation

  The Ten "Rights" of Medication Administration