MAPEH

• Puberty


  The stage of human development associated with physical growth and sexual maturity
• Puberty


  • Occurs over several years
  • Exact time it begins varies greatly, especially between girls and boys
  • Onset of reproductive maturation where a series of physical changes happen and lead to the achievement of fertility and the development of secondary sexual characteristics
  • Can affect the psychosocial and emotional development of the adolescent
  • Experienced during adolescence which is the stage of transition from childhood to adulthood
• Puberty for girls


  Can occur anywhere between 8-13 years old, usually starts around 10-11 years old
• Puberty for boys


  Happens at 10-15 years old, usually starts at 11-12 years old
• Hormones


  • Important chemicals that act on other parts of the body
  • Growth hormone somatotropin from pituitary gland acts on bones
  • Luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) from pituitary gland allow other parts of body to create more hormones
• Effects of LH and FSH

  • For boys, help testes and adrenal glands create sex hormones like testosterone and contribute to sperm production
  • For girls, help ovaries and adrenal glands create female hormones like estrogen and progesterone
• Physical changes in boys during puberty

  • Change in body shape as muscle and fat develops
  • Skin around nipples darkens and increases in size
  • Testicles and scrotum grow
  • Pubic hair starts to grow
  • Penis starts to grow in size, more in length than width
  • Facial features change, face appears more mature
  • Growth of facial hair like beard and mustache
  • Shoulders broaden, hips look smaller
  • Voice changes and deepens
  • Underarm and facial hair may start growing
  • More pronounced sweating
  • Skin becomes oilier, often leading to pimples
• Changes in male sex characteristics during puberty


  • Primary: Production of sperm cells, development of sex organs, growth of testes, enlargement of penis
  • Secondary: Hair growth in pubic area, armpits, chest, face, shoulders, etc., deeper voice with prominent "Adam's apple", muscle development, broadening of shoulders, rougher skin, increased sweat gland production
• Physical changes in girls during puberty

  • Breasts become larger due to development of breast buds and enlargement around nipple
  • Pubic hair starts to grow
  • Height and weight increase
  • Body becomes rounder and curvier
  • Whitish vaginal discharge may indicate start of menstruation
  • Pubic hair grows in triangular pattern
  • Breasts fully develop
  • Ovulation and menstruation start occurring regularly
  • Body grows faster, can cause discomfort in arms and legs
  • Develop pimples
• Changes in female sex characteristics during puberty

  • Primary: Maturation of egg cells, development of sex organs, maturation of vagina and other internal/external genitalia
  • Secondary: Hair growth in pubic area and armpits, skin becomes rougher, enlargement of breasts, widening of hips, increase in body fat
• At the onset of puberty, the rate of development and changes vary between boys and girls
• Girls may notice vaginal discharge, boys may experience nocturnal emissions (wet dreams) - these are normal signs that hormones are changing the body
• Understanding puberty changes will help you respect and accept the changes your friends are experiencing too
• Emotional changes during puberty

  • Oversensitivity - changes in appearance can make you easily lose your temper
  • Conflicting thoughts - contrasting feelings about transitioning from childhood to adulthood, unsure how to act
  • Mood swings - extreme changes in mood that can be rapid and unpredictable
• Puberty causes physical, emotional, and social changes in both boys and girls
• Physical changes in puberty

  • Growth of facial hair, presence of Adam's apple, deepening of voice, growth of armpit and pubic hair, genitals grow bigger, broadening of shoulders, skin becomes oilier, presence of pimples
• Emotional changes in puberty

  • Mood swings, oversensitivity, conflicting thoughts, self-consciousness, increased sexual desires
• Social changes in puberty


  • Searching for identity, seeking independence, seeking more responsibility, looking for new and more experiences, developing and exploring sexual identity
• It is important to understand that the physical, emotional, and social changes during puberty are normal
• It is important to talk to parents, teachers, or trusted older relatives about the changes happening during puberty
• The family remains the foundation of character building during puberty
• Checklist for boys during puberty

  • Growth of facial hair
  • Presence of Adam's apple
  • Deepening of voice
  • Growth of armpit hair
  • Growth of pubic hair
  • Genitals grow bigger
  • Broadening of shoulders
  • Skin becomes oilier
  • Presence of pimples
• Volleyball is a team sport played by two teams with six players each, with the objective of scoring by making the ball hit the ground on the opponent's side of the court
• Positions of players in volleyball

  • Setter
  • Middle blocker/hitter
  • Outside hitter
  • Rightside hitter
  • Opposite
  • Libero
• Setter


  The leader on the court, responsible for controlling the game flow
• Middle blocker/hitter


  Transitions between middle blocker and middle hitter depending on offense or defense
• Outside hitter


  Can play in both back row and front row, often scores points via attacking third touch and receives serves
• Rightside hitter


  Plays right front position, backs up the setter
• Opposite


  A well-rounded player with all the skills for both offense and defense
• Libero


  A specialty position focused on playing defense, only plays in the back row and wears a different color jersey
• The volleyball court dimensions are 18 meters long and 9 meters wide, divided into equal halves by a 1-meter wide net
• The net height for men's competition is 2.43 meters, while for women's competition it is 2.24 meters
• Underhand serve in volleyball


  1. Do the correct serving posture

  2. Hold the ball in front of the hip on the same side as the serving hand

  3. Step forward with the foot opposite the serving arm

  4. Swing the serving arm in an arc motion below the waist and strike the ball
• Dribbling


  1. Dribble the ball using your fingertips, not your palm

  2. Push the ball down by flicking your wrist up and down in quick, continuous succession

  3. Maintain a low stance-knees slightly bent, torso slightly bent forward at the waist with the head up and facing forward

  4. Keep your fingertips on top of the ball with each dribble

  5. Try to dribble without looking at the ball; instead, keep your head up

  6. Practice dribbling with both hands one at a time
• Shooting


  The act of throwing the ball toward the goal with the objective of making it go into the goal
• Shooting steps


  1. Hold the ball as shown in the picture, keep your eyes on the target

  2. Stand with your feet shoulder-width apart for good balance

  3. Position the ball several inches above your waist

  4. Raise the ball up by fully extending your shooting arm at your head

  5. Use your non-shooting hand to help guide the ball, jump straight up as you rise up, push your shooting arm up and slightly forward to the goal
• Passing


  The act of throwing the ball to a teammate
• Passing steps


  1. Grip the ball with your fingers spread wide, your arms must be straight

  2. Throw the ball with a forward arm motion, keeping your wrists straight and palms facing forward to generate power
• Basketball and volleyball are two of the most popular team sports in the world
• Basketball court dimensions


  • The high school court measures 84 feet by 50 feet
  • The free throw line is 15 feet from the backboard
  • The basketball rim is 10 feet high
  • The backboard is 72 inches wide and 42 inches tall
  • The free throw lane or key is 12 inches wide
  • The basketball rim is 18 inches in diameter and 6 inches from the backboard
  • The three point line in the high school level is 19 feet 9 inches away from the basket