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• Convergent Evolution


  When unrelated organisms seem to look like each other. Different organisms that live in a similar environment tend to develop into organisms with similar characteristics.
• Coevolution


  When two different interacting organisms evolve jointly due to the changes in each other. One organism starts evolving while the other adapts to the changes in the other organism, resulting in interdependence.
• Coevolution Flower and insects show
• The resulting similarity among organisms is called analogy
• Microevolution -happens when the frequencies of

  alleles in a group undergo changes. Microevolution-

  caused by natural selection, genetic drift, mutation, and gene flow.
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  Macroevolution refers to the large-scale changes that lead to an evolution of organisms

  from simple to complex.
• One cause of speciation is geographic isolation. This happens when a population is separated

  by a geographic barrier. Examples of geographic barriers are mountains and mountain ranges,

  rivers, and large bodies of water. These geographic barriers enable the population to develop

  diferently depending on the place they inhabit.
• Divergent evolution- happens when two isolated populations evolve separately.
• Natural selection- is a process wherein differentenvironmental pressures lead to different ways of survival
• Isolated population- is a population that could no longer interbreed with the original population becauseit has become geographically separated.
• speciation -is a process where a new species will be created. Examplesmplesof divergent evolution are shown by polar bears (Ursus maritimus) and brown bears (Ursusarctos), as well as humans and apes
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  Adaptivee radiation refers to the evolution of organisms into several new ones that are living

  differently from the original population or group.
• Adaptive radiation

  This is also known as multiple branching of family tree
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  Mass extinction is a result of various factors; these factors all lead to the disappearance of a

  vast number of organisms.
• In 1908, Godfrey Hardy and Wilhelm Weinberg

  independently proposed a principle that states that the

  frequency of alleles in a gene pool will remain constant

  unless one or more factors or other agents will cause

  the frequency to change. This principle is called the

  Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium or genetic equilibrium.
• independently proposed a principle that states that the frequency of alleles in a gene pool will remain constant unless one or more factors or other agents will cause the frequency to change

  Godfrey hardy and wilhelm weinberg
• Mutation is present when there is a change in the DNA of an organism, resulting in t formation of a new allełe. This change in DNA happens randomly. This event may lead u variations among organisms in the next generation, which is important in evolution.
• Mutation is the cause of genetic variation.
• Another agent of microevolution is gene flow. It is the movement of alleles in a group

  organisms.
• Disruptive selection occurs if the extreme forms of traits are favored more than others. An example of disruptive selection is the case of the peppered moths, which can be found in Britain and Ireland. Peppered moths are known for their color, which helps them hide from the predators. Through this ability, they are able to survive more than the other colored moths
• Stabilizing selection happens when a middle form of the trait is chosen and the extreme 1orms are eliminated. The birth weigh offhumans is a common example. Some infants borrn With low birth weight end up with health problems, whereas those born with high birth weight usually experience problems during birth.
• Directional selection shifts allele freauencies caused by. the change in the condition of the environment. This can be seen in the study made by Peter and Rosemary Grant, wnt focused on Darwin's finches, the birds observed by Charles Darwin from his journey galapagOs Islands. They examined the diferent species of finches, the foods that finches cat, and their beak sizes.