Crime that goes beyond national borders, such as drug and human trafficking, kidnapping, and money laundering.
Example of global crime industry
20% of Colombia's population have jobs relating to the drug trade.
Global crime has increased due to globalisation - airline travel and communication have created better links between cocaine farmers and dealers.
Glenny
Mafia has gone global - 'McMafia'
Criminal organisations pay to use The Mafia's name and reputation, and pay a small percentage of their profits in return
Chomsky (Neo-Marxist)
The main global criminal are governments, particularly the USA
Snowden - American government hacked into emails and social media accounts to gain political power in global negotiations
Tortures, kidnaps, and imprisons suspects without trial - Guantanamo Bay has 7 prisoners who had been prosecuted
Global nature of state crimes - use locations where no country has jurisdiction
Walby (triple systems feminist)
75% of human trafficking victims are female, mostly used for sexual slavery
Long term effect - psychological damage and life changing infections like HIV
Targets the most vulnerable, usually from deprived, ethnic backgrounds
Green Crime
Criminal activity that harms the environment in some way
Primary green crime
Notyetillegal under international law but directlyharms the environment.
Examples: air and water pollution, deforestation
Secondary green crime
Actually illegal acts that harm the environment, but may not be enforced.
South et al (On primary green crimes)
Hard to prosecute as one single nation is not responsible for the rest of the world
Relies on centralised organisations like the EU and UN, but funding and time is often an issue
Transgressive criminology is needed to challenge governments and large corporations who harm the environment
Snider
Corporate crime usually goes unpunished due to the government's fear of these large corporations - corporate crimes against the environment often go unpunished.
E.g. VW and employees avoided prosecutions even though they fooled their car's CO2 emission tests, even though the pollution would have led to hundreds of deaths
Beck (Postmodernist)
Environmental problems have led to the 'democratisation of risk' in which we are all victims due to the global effects
E.g. climate change, global warming, and air pollution