globalisation

• Globalisation


  Businesses or other organisations developing international influence or start operating on an international scale
• Globalisation

  • Growing economic independence of countries worldwide through increasing international trade and exchanges
  • These exchanges refer to investments, the spread of information and technology, and the movement of goods and services across countries
• Globalisation

  Increasing political and cultural exchanges between countries
• Globalisation


  The phenomenon where information, ideas, culture and values are spread from one place to another
• Singapore


  Second most globalised country in the world among 139 countries (2013)
• Singapore

  • High levels of interactions, integration and a small internal market necessitated a larger share of trade, investment, and communications outside of the country's own market
  • The world is still "less deeply interconnected in 2012 than it was in 2007" because of increasing protectionism restricting both trade and foreign investment
• Developments in transport and communications

  • Increased accessibility
  • Increased connectivity
• Globalisation

  • "Shrinking world"
  • Greater trade and flows of investment
  • Rise of TNCs (trans national corporations)
  • Increased interactions and interconnectedness
  • Trade and interdependence
  • Uneven development
• Development of transport

  1. 3500 BC: Wheel
• Technological advancements have also brought about improvements in the speed of travel
• Transport

  • The movement of people and goods from one place to another
  • Various modes of transport (eg. cars and airplanes) are used to bring out/ facilitate this movement
• Mode of transport


  The means by which people travel from one place to another
• Land Transportation

  1. People walked or used animals (eg. horses or donkeys) to travel from one place to another

  2. By 4000 BCE, simple vehicles drawn by animals were used (eg. bullock carts)

  3. Today, land transport uses fossil fuels and alternative energy (eg. solar energy) and there is a larger range of land transport (eg. trains, trucks, etc,)

  4. Industries benefitted from these developments
• Industries benefitted from land transport developments


  Heavy industries depend on rail transport to carry heavy and bulky raw materials and goods over long distances
• Hobby horse


  The first bicycle, introduced in 1791
• Bicycle craze exploded all over America


  1980s
• Horses


  • Costly to keep
  • Labour intensive to maintain
  • Noisy on the cobblestones
  • Produced 7 pounds of dung a day— a conduit for flies and life- threatening diseases
• Bicycles


  Presented virtually no drawbacks
• Bicycle manufacturers

  Slowly venturing into the automobile business
• Bicycle manufacturers venturing into automobiles


  • Opel in Germany
  • Humber in the UK
• What powered engine gave people greater control over their travels at sea?

  Powered engine
• How did powered engines improve water transport?

  They provided greater control over the duration, distance, and direction of travels at sea.
• What are examples of larger water vehicles?

  Ocean liners, cruisers, and ferries
• What types of goods are now carried by water vehicles?

  Container ships, oil tankers, and refrigerated fishing tanks
• What is the Suez Canal?

  An artificial sea level waterway in Egypt connecting the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea
• When did work on the Suez Canal begin and when was it completed?

  Work began in 1857 and the first boat passed through in 1867
• What benefit did the Suez Canal provide for maritime travel?

  It shortened the journey between the North Atlantic and the Northern Indian oceans by approximately 7000 km
• What is the Panama Canal?

  An 82 km artificial waterway in Panama connecting the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean
• Why is the Panama Canal considered possibly the greatest engineering project in history?

  It significantly reduced the time taken for ships to travel between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans
• When did work on the Panama Canal begin and when did it open?

  Work began in 1880 and it opened in 1914
• What was a major benefit of the Panama Canal?

  It enabled ships to avoid the lengthy and hazardous Cape Horn route
• What significant development occurred in air transport in October 2018?

  Singapore Airlines launched the longest ever commercial flight between Singapore and New York
• What aircraft was used for the longest commercial flight?

  The Airbus A350–900 ULR (ultra long range)
• How does the modified engine of the Airbus A350–900 ULR benefit its operation?

  It burns 25% less fuel compared to other aircraft of similar sizes
• What is the Mars One mission?


  A one-way trip to Mars in 2024
• How much does a suborbital ride aboard a space shuttle cost?

  US$200,000
• What are the benefits of transport development?

  • Greatly reduces time taken to move from one place to another
  • Allows more goods and services to be carried
  • Increases speed and comfort of transport
  • Improves accessibility and connectivity, promoting social and economic contact
• What does communication refer to?

  The exchange of information and messages between people
• How does communication help people?

  It helps people keep in touch with one another across great distances
• What are the two types of communications?

  1. Print media

  • Presents information in printed format (e.g., newspapers, magazines)

  1. Telecommunication

  • Allows signals and messages over long distances using electronic equipment (e.g., radio, television, telephone, internet)