notes

• Disorder


  A medical term from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) V, referring to a disturbance of normal functioning of the mind or body
• Disability


  A legal term that appears in the Individuals With Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), referring to a limitation
• Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5)


  The manual used by clinicians and researchers to diagnose and classify mental disorders, published by the American Psychiatric Association (APA)
• Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)


  A law ensuring services to children with disabilities throughout the nation, governing how states and public agencies provide early intervention, special education and related services
• Developmental Disability/Disorders


  • Set of limitations that begin in infancy or childhood, with delays in reaching developmental milestones or limitations in cognition, motor performance, vision, hearing, speech, or behavior
• Person-centered language


  Language that emphasizes the individual's humanity and defines them as a person first, rather than defining them by their illness
• Person-centered language


  • the student with ADHD, the mother with depression (correct way)
  • the ADHD student, the depressed mother (wrong)
• Stigmatizing


  A set of negative and often unfair beliefs that a society or group of people have about something (negative stereotype)
• Intellectual Disability (ID)


  The most common type of developmental disorder, affecting approximately 1% of the population
• Intellectual disability used to be called "mental retardation"
• Rosa's Law


  A law inspired by nine-year-old Rosa Marcellino, promoting inclusive, people-first language for people with intellectual disabilities
• In 2010, President Barack Obama signed "Rosa's Law" which changed "mental retardation" to "intellectual disability" in US federal law
• Causes of Intellectual Disability

  • Genetic (Down Syndrome, Fragile X Syndrome)
  • Develop following an illness (meningitis, measles)
  • Result from head trauma during childhood
  • Brain malformation
  • Exposure to teratogens while pregnant
  • Labor-and-delivery-related events
• Diagnosis of Intellectual Disability

  Deficits in intellectual functioning confirmed by clinical evaluation and individualized standard IQ testing
• Diagnostic Criteria of Intellectual Disability (ID) (DSM-5)

  Neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by intellectual difficulties as well as difficulties in conceptual, social, and practical areas of living
• Diagnostic Criteria of Intellectual Disability (ID) (DSM-5)


  • Deficits in intellectual functions
  • Deficits in adaptive functioning
  • Onset of deficits during childhood
• Classifications of Intellectual Disability by IQ Scores

  • Very Superior (130+)
  • Superior (120-129)
  • Above Average (110-119)
  • Average (90-109)
  • Low Average (80-89)
  • Borderline (70-79)
  • Deficient (70 & below)
• Adapted Functioning of Children with Intellectual Disability (ID)

  Collection of conceptual, social, and practical skills that people learn to function in daily life
• Adapted Functioning of Children with Intellectual Disability (ID)

  • Mild ID: Need support in learning abstract concepts, reading, writing, math; Need guidance for social interaction and complex daily tasks
  • Moderate ID: Need modified and individual instruction; Need support and ongoing supervision in all aspects of life
  • Severe ID: Have limited academic functioning; Need ongoing support for learning and functioning in all areas
  • Profound ID: Have little academic and functional communication skills; Need ongoing daily physical care, support, and supervision
• Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

  A neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by impaired social communication and restricted or repetitive behaviors
• One in 270 people has an ASD (WHO, 2020)
• Boys are four times more likely to be diagnosed with autism than girls (CDC, 2020)
• Causes of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)


  • Genetics
  • Prenatal and perinatal factors
  • Neuroanatomical abnormalities
  • Environmental factors
• Diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)


  No medical tests; Doctors look at child's developmental history and behavior (developmental evaluation)
• Diagnostic Criteria of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) (DSM-5)


  • Persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction
  • Restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities
  • Symptoms must be present in early developmental period and cause impairment
• Three Functional Levels of Autism

  • ASD Level 1: Requiring support; Difficulty initiating social interactions; Organisation and planning problems can hamper independence
  • ASD Level 2: Requiring substantial support; Social interactions limited to narrow special interests; Frequent restricted/repetitive behaviors
  • ASD Level 3: Requiring very substantial support; Severe deficits in verbal and nonverbal social communication skills; Great distress/difficulty changing actions or focus
• Comorbidity


  The presence of one or more disorders (or diseases) in addition to a primary disease or disorder
• Teaching Tips: Instructing Students

  • Provide abundant verbal and visual demonstrations
  • Be consistent in activity and class routines
  • Minimize interruptions during class time
• Teaching Strategies: Autism Spectrum Disorder


  • Use visual aids
  • Provide precise, positive praise
  • Provide opportunities for choice
  • Use task analysis
  • Allocate a specific area for specific task
  • Use visual schedules
• Specific Learning Disabilities (SLD)


  A type of disorder that impedes the ability to learn or use specific academic skills, such as reading, writing, or arithmetic
• The prevalence of specific learning disorder across the academic domains of reading, writing, and mathematics is 5%-15% among school-age children
• Causes of Specific Learning Disabilities (SLD)

  • Genes and heredity
  • Brain development
• Automaticity


  The process by which skills become so well practiced that we can do them without much conscious thought
• Children with specific learning disabilities do not have damage to their brains. Instead, their brains work differently.
• Diagnosis of Specific Learning Disabilities (SLD)

  Clinical synthesis of individual's history, school reports, and psychoeducational assessment
• Diagnostic Criteria of Specific Learning Disabilities (SLD) (DSM-5)


  • Difficulties learning and using academic skills
• CAUSES OF SPECIFIC LEARNING DISABILITIES (SLD)

  • Genes and heredity
  • Brain development
• DIAGNOSIS OF SPECIFIC LEARNING DISABILITIES (SLD)

  Clinical synthesis (combining ideas or results from two or more sources in a meaningful way) of: individual's history (developmental, medical, family, educational), school reports, psychoeducational assessment
• DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA OF SPECIFIC LEARNING DISABILITIES (SLD) (DSM-5)


  • Inaccurate or slow and effortful word reading
  • Difficulty understanding the meaning of what is read
  • Difficulties with spelling
  • Difficulties with written expression
  • Difficulties mastering number sense, number facts, or calculation ability to understand, relate, and connect numbers
  • Difficulties with mathematical reasoning
• TYPES OF SPECIFIC LEARNING DISABILITIES (SLD)

  • Dyslexia
  • Dyscalculia
  • Written Expression Order
  • Dysgraphia