notes

    Cards (63)

    • Disorder
      A medical term from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) V, referring to a disturbance of normal functioning of the mind or body
    • Disability
      A legal term that appears in the Individuals With Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), referring to a limitation
    • Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5)

      The manual used by clinicians and researchers to diagnose and classify mental disorders, published by the American Psychiatric Association (APA)
    • Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)

      A law ensuring services to children with disabilities throughout the nation, governing how states and public agencies provide early intervention, special education and related services
    • Developmental Disability/Disorders
      • Set of limitations that begin in infancy or childhood, with delays in reaching developmental milestones or limitations in cognition, motor performance, vision, hearing, speech, or behavior
    • Person-centered language
      Language that emphasizes the individual's humanity and defines them as a person first, rather than defining them by their illness
    • Person-centered language
      • the student with ADHD, the mother with depression (correct way)
      • the ADHD student, the depressed mother (wrong)
    • Stigmatizing
      A set of negative and often unfair beliefs that a society or group of people have about something (negative stereotype)
    • Intellectual Disability (ID)
      The most common type of developmental disorder, affecting approximately 1% of the population
    • Intellectual disability used to be called "mental retardation"
    • Rosa's Law

      A law inspired by nine-year-old Rosa Marcellino, promoting inclusive, people-first language for people with intellectual disabilities
    • In 2010, President Barack Obama signed "Rosa's Law" which changed "mental retardation" to "intellectual disability" in US federal law
    • Causes of Intellectual Disability
      • Genetic (Down Syndrome, Fragile X Syndrome)
      • Develop following an illness (meningitis, measles)
      • Result from head trauma during childhood
      • Brain malformation
      • Exposure to teratogens while pregnant
      • Labor-and-delivery-related events
    • Diagnosis of Intellectual Disability
      Deficits in intellectual functioning confirmed by clinical evaluation and individualized standard IQ testing
    • Diagnostic Criteria of Intellectual Disability (ID) (DSM-5)
      Neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by intellectual difficulties as well as difficulties in conceptual, social, and practical areas of living
    • Diagnostic Criteria of Intellectual Disability (ID) (DSM-5)

      • Deficits in intellectual functions
      • Deficits in adaptive functioning
      • Onset of deficits during childhood
    • Classifications of Intellectual Disability by IQ Scores
      • Very Superior (130+)
      • Superior (120-129)
      • Above Average (110-119)
      • Average (90-109)
      • Low Average (80-89)
      • Borderline (70-79)
      • Deficient (70 & below)
    • Adapted Functioning of Children with Intellectual Disability (ID)
      Collection of conceptual, social, and practical skills that people learn to function in daily life
    • Adapted Functioning of Children with Intellectual Disability (ID)
      • Mild ID: Need support in learning abstract concepts, reading, writing, math; Need guidance for social interaction and complex daily tasks
      • Moderate ID: Need modified and individual instruction; Need support and ongoing supervision in all aspects of life
      • Severe ID: Have limited academic functioning; Need ongoing support for learning and functioning in all areas
      • Profound ID: Have little academic and functional communication skills; Need ongoing daily physical care, support, and supervision
    • Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
      A neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by impaired social communication and restricted or repetitive behaviors
    • One in 270 people has an ASD (WHO, 2020)
    • Boys are four times more likely to be diagnosed with autism than girls (CDC, 2020)
    • Causes of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

      • Genetics
      • Prenatal and perinatal factors
      • Neuroanatomical abnormalities
      • Environmental factors
    • Diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

      No medical tests; Doctors look at child's developmental history and behavior (developmental evaluation)
    • Diagnostic Criteria of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) (DSM-5)

      • Persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction
      • Restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities
      • Symptoms must be present in early developmental period and cause impairment
    • Three Functional Levels of Autism
      • ASD Level 1: Requiring support; Difficulty initiating social interactions; Organisation and planning problems can hamper independence
      • ASD Level 2: Requiring substantial support; Social interactions limited to narrow special interests; Frequent restricted/repetitive behaviors
      • ASD Level 3: Requiring very substantial support; Severe deficits in verbal and nonverbal social communication skills; Great distress/difficulty changing actions or focus
    • Comorbidity
      The presence of one or more disorders (or diseases) in addition to a primary disease or disorder
    • Teaching Tips: Instructing Students
      • Provide abundant verbal and visual demonstrations
      • Be consistent in activity and class routines
      • Minimize interruptions during class time
    • Teaching Strategies: Autism Spectrum Disorder
      • Use visual aids
      • Provide precise, positive praise
      • Provide opportunities for choice
      • Use task analysis
      • Allocate a specific area for specific task
      • Use visual schedules
    • Specific Learning Disabilities (SLD)

      A type of disorder that impedes the ability to learn or use specific academic skills, such as reading, writing, or arithmetic
    • The prevalence of specific learning disorder across the academic domains of reading, writing, and mathematics is 5%-15% among school-age children
    • Causes of Specific Learning Disabilities (SLD)
      • Genes and heredity
      • Brain development
    • Automaticity
      The process by which skills become so well practiced that we can do them without much conscious thought
    • Children with specific learning disabilities do not have damage to their brains. Instead, their brains work differently.
    • Diagnosis of Specific Learning Disabilities (SLD)
      Clinical synthesis of individual's history, school reports, and psychoeducational assessment
    • Diagnostic Criteria of Specific Learning Disabilities (SLD) (DSM-5)

      • Difficulties learning and using academic skills
    • CAUSES OF SPECIFIC LEARNING DISABILITIES (SLD)
      • Genes and heredity
      • Brain development
    • DIAGNOSIS OF SPECIFIC LEARNING DISABILITIES (SLD)
      Clinical synthesis (combining ideas or results from two or more sources in a meaningful way) of: individual's history (developmental, medical, family, educational), school reports, psychoeducational assessment
    • DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA OF SPECIFIC LEARNING DISABILITIES (SLD) (DSM-5)

      • Inaccurate or slow and effortful word reading
      • Difficulty understanding the meaning of what is read
      • Difficulties with spelling
      • Difficulties with written expression
      • Difficulties mastering number sense, number facts, or calculation ability to understand, relate, and connect numbers
      • Difficulties with mathematical reasoning
    • TYPES OF SPECIFIC LEARNING DISABILITIES (SLD)
      • Dyslexia
      • Dyscalculia
      • Written Expression Order
      • Dysgraphia