Vector & Zoonoses Control & Air, Radiation & Noise Pollution

• zoonosis that is newly recognized or newly evolved or that has previously occurred but shows an increase in incidence or expansion in geographical, host, or vector range

  emerging zoonosis
• occur when droplets are passed through the air from an infected animal & are breathed in by a person

  aerosol transmission
• transmission?

  soil contaminated with feces or urine and dust particles

  aerosol
• transmission?

  animal products such as milk & meat not pasteurized & cooked properly, eating or drinking after handling animals without washing hands

  oral
• occurs by ingesting food or water contaminates with the pathogen

  oral transmission
• coming into contact with saliva, blood, urine, mucus, feces, or other body fluids of an infected animal

  direct contact
• an inanimate object that can carry a pathogen from an animal to a person or from a person to another

  fomites
• transmission?

  door knobs, contaminated brushes, needles, clothes, elevator buttons, light switches, and commonly touched but rarely disinfected objects or areas

  fomites
• HIV/AIDS pandemic timeline

  1920 - present
• Asian Flu death toll

  2M
• Flu Pandemic timeline

  January 1918 - December 1920
• Flu Pandemic death toll

  17M - 50M
• Flu pandemic virus

  H1N1 influenza virus
• asian flu virus?


  Influenza A subtype H2N2 or Asian flu virus
• Hong Kong flu is also known as?

  1968 Flu Pandemic
• Hong Kong flu virus?

  influenza A (H3N2) virus
• Hong Kong flu death toll

  1M
• source of HIV infection in humans

  chimpanzee
• defined as inhibiting the introduction of a disease agent into an area, a specific population group, or an individual

  prevention
• consists of steps taken to reduce a disease problem to a tolerable level and maintain it at the level

  control efforts
• prevention and control is also known as?


  primary prevention and secondary prevention
• is aimed at maintaining a healthy population

  primary prevention
• attempts to minimize the damage after a disease has already occured

  secondary prevention
• the final step in a disease control program; it consists of the complete elimination of a disease-producing agent worldwide.

  eradication
• what are the basic principles of zoonoses prevention, control, and eradication programs focused upon?

  breaking the chain of transmission (at weakest epidemiological link)
• factors in zoonoses prevention, control & eradication? (3)

  reservoir

  transmission

  susceptible hosts
• ultimate source of zoonotic infection?

  infected reservoir host
• reducing contact potential in disease control considers? (2)

  known infected

  potentially exposed susceptible
• reducing contact potential via? (3)

  isolation & treatment of cases

  quarantine of possibly infected individuals

  population control
• is designed to keep the agent in

  isolation
• is designed to keep the agent out

  quarantine
• reduction of stress, by providing improved shelter and nutrition as a means to reduce the ravages of epidemics by increasing the survival ability of the affected population

  increasing host resistance
• passive means of increasing host resistance, to prevent infection or at least reduce severity of the disease

  chemoprophylaxis
• used when a person is accidentally exposed to an agent known to be susceptible to a drug

  chemoprophylaxis
• administration of a drug or medication to prevent the development of a disease or infection or at least reducing its severity

  chemoprophylaxis
• principles of zoonosis prevention, control and eradication (5)

  reservoir neutralization

  reducing contact potential

  increasing host resistance

  chemoprophylaxis

  immunization
• two purposes:

  1. to protect susceptible individuals from infection or disease
  2. to prevent transmission of infectious agents by creating an immune population

  immunization
• is the indirect protection from an infectious disease that happens when a large part of the population is immune to a certain disease

  herd immunity or population immunity
• actions in zoonosis control (4)

  surveillance

  control in animals

  control of infective media

  prevention in man
• testing of accessible animals and biological materials which are essential in order to assess the presence of a disease and to establish the pathogen involved

  surveillance