ORGANIC CHEM

• what is crude oil?

  the remains of an ancient biomass consisting mainly of plankton buried in mud found in rocks
• what does crude oil consist of?

  hydrocarbons, most of which are alkanes
• what are alkanes?

  saturated hydrocarbons
• what is the general formula for the homologous series of alkanes?

  CⁿH²ⁿ⁺²
• what are the first four members of alkanes?

  methane, ethane, propane, butane
• what is the formula for methane?

  CH₄
• what is the formula for ethane?

  C₂H₆
• what is the formula for propane?

  C₃H₈
• what is the formula for butane?

  C₄H₁₀
• what are fractions processed for?

  to produce fuels and feedstock for the petrochemical industry
• how does fractional distillation work?

  the different boiling points of hydrocarbons separate them and condense them at different levels

  
• which fuels are produced from crude oil?

  heavy fuel oil, diesel, kerosene, petrol, liquefied petroleum gas
• which useful materials may be produced by the petrochemical industry?

  solvents, lubricants, polymers, detergents
• how does boiling point change with increasing molecular size?

  it increases
• how does viscosity change with increasing molecular size?

  it decreases
• how does flammability change with increasing molecular size?

  it decreases
• what is the word equation for the complete combustion of a hydrocarbon?

  hydrocarbon + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water (+ energy)
• what is cracking?

  breaking down long-chain molecules into smaller, more useful ones
• how is catalytic cracking done?

  - the molecules are heated up

  - and passed over a hot powdered aluminum oxide catalyst

  - the long-chain molecules split apart on the surface of the specks of the aluminum oxide
• how is steam cracking done?

  - the molecules are vaporized

  - then mixed with steam

  - and heated at a very high temperature
• how can you test for alkenes with bromine water?

  if alkenes are present, their double bonds will open up and turn the orange bromine water colorless
• what are alkenes?

  unsaturated hydrocarbons with a double carbon-carbon bond
• what is the general formula for the homologous series of alkenes?

  CⁿH²ⁿ
• what are the first four members of alkenes?

  ethene, propene, butene, pentene
• what is the formula for ethene?

  C₂H₄
• what is the formula for propene?

  C₃H₆
• what is the formula for butene?

  C₄H₈
• what is the formula for pentene?

  C₅H₁₀
• what is the word equation for the incomplete combustion of alkenes?

  alkene + oxygen → carbon + carbon monoxide + carbon dioxide + water
• how do alkenes react with hydrogen?

  they produce the equivalent alkane
• how do alkenes react with water?

  they produce the equivalent alcohol
• what are the first four members of alcohols?

  methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol
• what is the functional group for alcohols?

  -OH (hydroxyl)
• what is the formula for methanol?

  CH₃OH
• what is the formula for ethanol?

  C₂H₅OH
• what is the formula for propanol?

  C₃H₇OH
• what is the formula for butanol?

  C₄H₉OH
• how do alcohols react with sodium?

  to produce hydrogen
• how do alcohols react with water?

  they dissolve and make a neutral pH solution
• how do alcohols react with oxygen?

  to produce carboxylic acid