Iliad Book 16

• Who wants to help the Greeks?

  Patroclus
• What does Achilles compare Patroclus to for crying?

  A little girl crying to be picked up by her busy mother until she gives in and carries her anyway
• What does Patroclus say to Achilles?

  He criticises Achilles for being so cold + asks for permission to lead the Myrmidons to help the Greeks
• What is the condition that Achilles introduces if Patroclus is to go and fight?

  That Patroclus has to wear Achilles' armour so he can get kleos instead of Patroclus
• What happens between Ajax and Hector?

  Ajax loses his position + Hector fires Greek ships -> Hector cuts Ajax's spearhead off
• Who does Patroclus order to yoke Achilles' horses?

  Automedon
• What are Achilles' horses' names?

  Xanthus + Balius (immortal), Pedasus (mortal)
• Who used to own Pedasus before Achilles?

  Eëtion
• What are the Myrmidons compared to?

  "Flesh-eating wolves"
• Who are the 5 commanders for the ships?

  Menesthius, Eudorus, Peisander, Phoenix, Alcimedon
• Who does Achilles pray to and why?

  Zeus -> for Patroclus to get glory and come home safely
• What does Zeus grant Patroclus?

  Glory -> not a safe return, as he is fated to die
• Who do the Trojans think Patroclus is and how do they react to seeing him?

  Achilles -> they're terrified
• Who does Patroclus kill first?

  Pyraechmes
• What is the first thing Zeus does to help the Greeks?

  Makes it rain -> ships' fires extinguished
• How does Acamas die?

  Meriones stabs him in shoulder + he falls from chariot

  'A mist descended on his eyes"
• How does Erymas die?

  Idomeneus stabs him in mouth = teeth knocked out, eyes/mouth/nose fill with blood

  "Death's black cloud enveloped him"
• What is the second thing Zeus does to help the Greeks?

  Gives storm clouds + rain = Trojans panic then flee
• What happens to Hector while the Trojans flee?

  His horses take him away
• What does Patroclus do when Hector is taken back?

  Runs after him + ignores Achilles' instructions to come back after saving the ships
• Why does Zeus send down torrential rain/storms?

  He is 'angry' at unjust power imbalances + "men who deliver crooked rulings"
• How many Trojans does Patroclus kill in total at the height of his performance? What is this height called?

  27 Trojans -> 'aristeia'
• Who is angry at his Lycian men for falling so easily to Patroclus?

  Sarpedon -> demigod, son of Zeus
• Why is Zeus conflicted over Sarpedon and Patroclus fighting?

  Zeus doesn't know whether to save Sarpedon because he's his son or to let him die because that's his fate
• Who does Zeus consult about Sarpedon's fate? What do hey decide?

  Hera -> they decide to let him die
• What does Zeus do once he has decided to let Patroclus die?

  He weeps + sends down a shower of blood
• Who does Sarpedon accidentally kill because he missed Patroclus?

  Pedasus
• Where does Patroclus strike Sarpedon? What simile is used to describe Sarpedon falling?

  In the lungs -> he is like an oak/poplar/pine tree + something will be made of use from his body like trees make wood
• Who does Sarpedon call out to in his final moments?

  Glaucus
• What does Sarpedon ask of Glaucus?

  To rally everyone around his body so the Greeks can't take his armour
• Who does Glaucus pray to and why?

  Apollo -> his arm is wounded + needs healing
• Why do the Trojans grieve so much for Sarpedon's death?

  He was a foreigner but the best fighter among the Lycians
• Who plans to take Sarpedon's armour?

  Patroclus + 2 Ajaxes
• What does Zeus do to make fighting over Sarpedon's body difficult?

  Zeus eclipses battlefield = zero visibility
• Who does Hector kill and how does Patroclus retaliate?

  Hector kills Epeigeus -> Patroclus kills Sthenelaus
• Who is taunting each other?

  Aeneas + Meriones
• What does Patroclus do upon seeing Aeneas and Meriones taunting each other?

  He tells Meriones to stop giving speeches + fight
• How are the men swarming around Sarpedon's body?

  "Like flies"
• Why is Zeus conflicted over Patroclus?

  Zeus doesn't know whether to give him more glory + continue his aristeia or kill him now
• What does Zeus decide to do with Patroclus?

  Zeus decides to continue Patroclus' aristeia + forces Hector to run away, making a coward out of him