PR1

• Review of literature


  The process of compiling, classifying, and evaluating what other researchers have written on a certain topic
• Review of literature


  • It can be a partial component of a research undertaking
  • It can stand alone as a self-contained review of writing
• review of literature

  • It helps in placing the work being reviewed in its context
  • It describes the relationship of each work to the research being undertaken
  • It identifies new ways to interpret and shed light on various gaps on previous researches
  • It helps in solving conflicts among seemingly contradictory previous studies
  • It identifies the areas that are subject to prior study to prevent duplication of errors
  • It points to another research undertaking
• Elementary reading


  The most common kind of reading, consists merely of recognition of letters and basic sounds, the literal comprehension of sentences
• Systematic skimming


  Establish a system through which maximizes time in searching
• Guidelines for systematic reading


  • Title page and preface of the abstract should be quickly read
  • The table of contents should be studied carefully
  • The index should be checked
  • The publishers blue or any boldface excerpts should be read
  • Chapters or sections that seem important should be scrutinized
  • The whole paper should be leafed through
• Analytical reading


  The reader asks questions to understand the article such as "What is the book or article all about?", "What is being said and how?", and "What of it?"
• Guidelines for analytical reading


  • It should be discerned whether the findings reported in a book or article result from a scientific process
  • It should be stated in a sentence or two what the reader has gained
  • The book or article should be thoroughly scanned
  • The main questions or problems that the article or book is set out to answer or solve should be determined
  • Important or unfamiliar words should be noted or defined
  • The most important sentences in an article or book should be marked
  • The basic argument or premises should be identified
  • The solutions or conclusions as author has to come up with should be recognized even before reading them
  • Before writing a critique paper, the reader should have a thorough understanding of its contents
• Comparative reading


  The highest level of reading which requires reader to place what he or she is currently reading
• Guidelines for comparative reading


  • The passages that bear one's questions, needs, or interest should be identified
  • The ideas of the various authors using one's words should be expressed
  • The reader should formulate his or her own set of questions
  • Issues that emerge should be defined so that one can recognize, sort out, and resolve controversies
  • The discussions read should be analyzed by asking, "Are they true?"
• Steps in conducting a review of literature

  • Finding relevant materials
  • Selecting credible sources
  • Actual reading
  • Note taking
• Sources for finding relevant materials

  • Library - journals, textbooks, reference books, etc.
  • Government documents - local documents, government issuances, copies of laws and orders
  • Vertical files - news clippings, booklets, pamphlets, and other gray documents
  • Thesis/dissertations - documents in support of candidature for an academic qualification
  • Scholarly books - reference that disseminate research and academic discussion
  • Academic journals - periodical publication in which scholarly research is published
• Criteria for selecting credible sources


  • Who published it?
  • Who wrote it?
  • For whom is it written?
  • Is the information current?
  • Does the author provide his or her sources?
  • What type of publication is it?
  • How is it reviewed?
  • Is there any bias?
• Types of sources from most to least authoritative

  • Scholarly books
  • Academic journals
  • Government documents
  • Reference materials
  • Specialized magazines
  • General interest magazines and newspapers
  • General encyclopedia
• Strategies in reading literature

  • Previewing
  • Highlighting
  • Annotating
• Things to do while reading

  • Ask questions
  • React to what you read
  • Give an opinion
  • Locate important passages
  • Make connections
  • Define new words
  • Track themes
• Things to do after reading

  • Give a title to chapters or article sections
  • Summarize the material read
  • Respond to the reading itself
  • Make a prediction
• MLA style


  Often used in Humanities, uses author-page method
• APA style


  Often used in Social Sciences, uses author-date method
• Chicago style


  Sometimes called TURABIAN, a prescription for citations and formatting, also a prescription for writing style, known for using footnotes
• Formatting elements in MLA style

  • Alignment
  • Binding
  • Endnotes and footnotes
  • Font
  • Headings
  • Indentions
  • Italics
  • Margins
  • Page numbering
  • Paper type
  • Punctuation
  • Quotation blocks
  • Spacing
  • Title
  • Underlining
• Formatting elements in APA style

  • Abbreviations
  • Hyphenations
  • Indentions
  • Margins
  • Page numbering
  • Paper type
  • Parentheses
  • Punctuation
  • Short title
  • Slash mark
  • Spacing
  • Text alignment
  • Title
  • Typeface
• Formatting elements in Chicago/Turabian style


  • Abbreviating
  • Text alignment
  • Capitalizing
  • White out
  • Date format
  • Font size
  • When to hyphenate
  • When to indent text
  • Margin sizes
  • Numbers
  • Numbering your pages
  • Paper type
  • Spacing
  • Title
• review of literature - helps in placing the work being reviewed in its context, describes the relationship of each work to the research, and identifies new ways to interpret and shed light on various gaps
• review of literature - the process of compiling, classifying, and evaluating what other researchers have written on a certain topic
• finding relevant materials


  it is the researcher's priority to enrich their work by reading literatures containing important data related to the research
• selecting credible sources


  references come in different sorts and shapes
• academic journals - the first rank on the hierarchy of sources
• scholarly books - the second rank on the hierarchy of sources
• theses/dissertations - the third rank on the hierarchy of sources
• documents and vertical file - the fourth rank on the hierarchy of sources
• specialized magazines/reference materials - the fifth rank on the hierarchy of sources
• general interest magazines and newspapers - the sixth rank on the hierarchy of sources
• general encylopedia - lowest rank on the hierarchy of sources
• general encyclopedia - a book or set of books giving brief nformation on different subjects
• general interest magazines and newspapers - periodically printed publications that contain news, feature articles, ads, etc
• specialized magazines - periodicals that focus on a special topic or subject
• reference materials - textbooks and general information phamplets
• government documents - legal documents
• vertical files - news clippings, booklets, and other gray documents for the purpose of grouping information on a specific topic