SINTPHI

• The term "philosophy" comes from Greek words...

  
  

  “philos” and “sophia” meaning "love of wisdom."
• Philosophy was used to...

  make sense of the world using reason.
• A broad field of inquiry that delves into fundamental aspects of human existence and understanding, with abstract and general ideas.

  Philosophy
• Why do we study philosophy?

  • Problem-solving skills
  • Analyzing concepts, definitions, arguments, and problems
  • Extracting information from large datasets.
• Philosophy is studied for...

  • Critical Thinking
  • Clarity of Concepts
  • Ethical Considerations
  • Broad Perspective
  • Creativity
  • Long-Term Thinking
• • Known for the Pythagorean theorem
  • Advocated for soul's immortality, virtuous behavior, and the significance of mathematics in understanding reality

  Pythagoras (570-495 BCE)
• The term "Philosophy" comes from the Greek words...

  "philos" and "sophia" meaning "love of wisdom"
• He proposed that everything that exists is based on a higher order or plan which he called logo

  Heraclitus (535 BCE to 475 BCE)
• • Focused on natural phenomena causes
  • He theorized that all material bodies are made up of indivisibly small "atoms".


  Democritus (460-370 BCE)
• • He was a known advocate of living a simple and virtuous life.
  • A reasonable life is one lived in accordance with nature and with one's natural inclinations.
  • To be true to oneself, then, no matter how "mad" one may appear, was to pursue a life worth living.

  Diogenes of Sinope (412 BCE to 323 BCE)
• He believed that philosophy could enable man to live a life of happiness

  Epicurus (341 BCE to 270 BCE)
• • Epicurus believed in this philosophy.
  • Advocated forgoing many short-term pleasures and instead focusing on the overall pleasure and pain distribution over a lifetime.
  • More pleasurable than a life devoted to short-term pleasure was one in which one moderated one’s desires.

  Hedonism
• • He was considered the foremost philosopher of ancient times.
  • He was credited with formulating the Socratic method.

  Socrates (470 BCE to 399 BCE)
• The means of examining a topic by devising a series of questions that let the learner examine and analyze his knowledge and views regarding the topic.


  Socratic method
• What are the 5 stages of the Socratic dialog?

  1. Wonder
  2. Reflect
  3. Refine and cross-examine
  4. Restate
  5. Repeat
• • He was a student of Socrates who wrote down his mentor's teachings and developed his own ideas.
  • His Theory of Forms suggests everything is based on mental ideas.
  • He introduced dialectic for inquiry and founded the Academy, a renowned institution of higher learning.


  Plato (427-347 BCE)
• • A student of Plato, emphasized perception as the basis of ideas.
  • His logic studies led to deductive reasoning, analyzing statements to form conclusions.


  Aristotle
• • A branch of philosophy that deals with the nature of thinking and reasoning using empirical support and information that is reliable, valid, and objective.
  • Study of Reasoning
  • The tool that philosophy uses to study and evaluate philosophical truths

  Logic
• [2 Major Types of Logic]

  From a general truth to a specific truth (universal to particular)

  Deductive Reasoning
• [2 Major Types of Logic]

  From a specific truth to a general truth (particular to universal)

  Inductive Reasoning
• • A branch of philosophy which is concerned with the definition of knowledge and related concepts such as the sources and criteria of knowledge.
  • Study of knowledge/knowing
  • How do you know that you know is true?

  Epistemology
• [2 Ways of Thinking]

  Stresses the role of the mind in doing Philosophy.

  Rationalism
• [2 Ways of Thinking]

  Stresses the role of senses in doing philosophy.

  Empiricism
• • It comes from the Greek word "ethos" which means "character" or "custom".
  • It is the study of what is right and what is wrong in human behavior in the pursuit of beauty and goodness in life.

  Ethics
• • It comes from the Greek words "meta" which means "beyond" and "physikon" which means "nature".
  • It is a branch of philosophy concerned with the nature of ultimate reality.

  Metaphysics
• • It was derived from the Greek word "aesthetikos" which means "one who is perceptive of things through his sensations, feelings, and intuitions."
  • It is also a branch of philosophy which is concerned with the essence of perception and ugliness.

  Aesthetics
• • It refers to a body of knowledge that looks up on the society, politics, and the people that makes it whole.
  • It is believed that society is "inseparable" to politics.

  Political Philosophy
• According to Luciano Floridi , they are "questions whose answers are in principle open to inform, rational, and honest disagreement, ultimate but not absolute, closed under further questioning, possibly constrained by empirical and logi-mathematical resources but requiring noetic resources to be answered."


  Open Questions
• • These are exercises of the imagination, in which we consider scenarios that address different aspects of our world.
  • It aims to get us to reflect upon some of our intuitive and unquestioned assumptions.

  Thought Experiments
• A process of determining the truth or drawing conclusions from a statement using various philosophical methods.


  Methods of Philosophizing
• • Philosophers often grapple with the concept of it.
  • It lies at the heart of any inquiry.
  • It is a fact that has been verified.

  Truth
• It is the clear awareness and understanding of something.

  Knowledge
• Propositions or statements that are observed to be real or truthful.

  Facts
• • Are statements that are not evidently or immediately known to be true.
  • A further examination is required to establish whether it is true or false.

  Claims
• [3 Theories of Truth]

  States that a proposition is true if it is corresponding to the facts.

  Correspondence Theory
• [3 Theories of Truth]

  States that if a proposition coheres with all the other propositions taken to be true, then it is true.

  Coherence Theory
• [3 Theories of Truth]

  A statement is true if it is useful or practical to believe.

  Pragmatic Theory
• A belief is true if it can be justified or proven through the use of one’s senses.
• A belief or statement is true if it is based on facts.
• A belief or statement is true if there is a consensus or if people agree on a common belief.