SCIENCE CHAMP

• Biochemistry


  The branch of chemistry that deals with the properties and reactions of molecules in living organisms
• Bioelements that make up living things

  • Carbon (C)
  • Oxygen (O)
  • Hydrogen (H)
  • Nitrogen (N)
• Carbon


  • Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids contain carbon
  • It can be found in all parts of all living things
• Oxygen


  • Most abundant element in Earth's crust
  • It is present in all forms of biomolecules namely carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids
• Nitrogen


  • Most abundant element in Earth's atmosphere
  • It can be found in proteins and nucleic acids
• Hydrogen


  • Simplest element
  • It is present in three major biomolecules, namely, carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids
• Biomolecules


  • The building blocks of living things
  • They are considered as "macromolecules"
• Polymer


  Long molecule that consists of several monomers, which are combined through covalent bonding
• Monomer


  Building blocks of biomolecules
• Carbohydrates


  • Derived from the Greek word "sakcharon" which means "sugar"
  • They are also called as "saccharides"
  • Major Function: Provide immediate energy to the body
• Classification of Carbohydrates


  • Monosaccharides
  • Disaccharides
  • Polysaccharides
• Monosaccharides


  • Simplest form of carbohydrate
  • Also called as "single sugar"
  • Considered as the building blocks of complex carbohydrates
• Monosaccharides


  • Glucose (Immediate source of energy, Also known as "Blood sugar", Found in honey and fruits)
  • Fructose (Also known as "Fruit Sugar or Levulose")
  • Galactose (Also known as "Milk Sugar")
• Disaccharides


  • It is formed when two monosaccharides combined
  • Undergo a process called "Dehydration synthesis"
• Disaccharides


  • Glucose + Fructose (Also known as "Table Sugar")
  • Glucose + Glucose (Also known as "Malt Sugar")
  • Glucose + Galactose (Sugar found in milk)
• Polysaccharides


  • Most abundant type of carbohydrates that are naturally occurring
  • Consists of more than 10 monosaccharides units
• Components of the human reproductive system


  • External sex organs
  • Internal sex organs
  • Gonads
• Polysaccharides


  • Consists of glucose units (Also known as "Animal starch", Abundant in liver and muscle cells, External skeleton in animals)
  • Consists of glucose units (It can be found only in plants)
  • Consists of glucose units (Found in plants and is one of the most important parts of our diet)
• Lipids


  Organic compounds that are insoluble in water
• Fatty Acid


  Building block of lipids
• Lipids


  • Storage of energy
  • Chemical signals in the cell (hormones)
  • Boundaries for cells
  • Cushion for organs
• Classification of Lipids


  • Fats and Oils
  • Waxes
  • Steroids
  • Phospholipids
• Fats and Oils


  • Triaglycerides: commonly known as fats and oils
  • Animals have fats that they use to store energy, provide insulation, and protect the sensitive parts of the body
  • Plants also store energy in the form of oils, which can be found in their seeds
• Gonads


  Sex organs that produce gametes or sex cells
• Fats and Oils


  • Single bonded and are solid at room temperature (Saturated fats are considered bad fats)
  • Double bonded and are liquid at room temperature (Unsaturated fats are considered good fats)
• Waxes


  Typically found in plants and are used as protection to avoid water loss
• Steroids


  Have a significant role in reproduction, regulation of metabolism, and absorption
• Phospholipids


  • Found in the bilayer of the membrane in plants
  • It serves as a membrane structural component
  • It has a phospholipid bilayer that is hydrophobic and hydrophilic in the cell membranes
• Proteins


  It is considered as the primary building materials of the body
• Amino Acid


  Building blocks of protein
• Primary gonads/sex organs


  • Testes (male)
  • Ovaries (female)
• Proteins


  • Serves as transport and storage of essential substances
  • Responsible for coordinating movements, and provide mechanical support and protection against diseases
• Peptide Bond


  It is formed when an amino group and a carboxyl group condense during the synthesis of protein
• Polypeptide


  Final product of the amino acid chain which is made up of this long chains
• Structure of Proteins


  • Primary Structure
  • Secondary Structure
  • Tertiary Structure
  • Quaternary Structure
• Gametes/sex cells


  • Spermatocytes (sperm cells in male)
  • Oocytes (egg cells in female)
• Primary Structure


  Unique sequence of amino acid linked in its polypeptide chain that makes up the protein
• Primary Structure


  • Insulin: is a hormone secreted by our pancreas that regulated the level of blood sugar or glucose from getting too high or too low
• Secondary Structure


  Located within long polypeptide, where the chains are organized into a regular pattern of hydrogen bonds between carbonyl and amino groups
• Secondary Structure


  • Alpha-helix: structure like a loosely coiled spring
  • Beta-helix: the chains are folded so that they lie down along each other