Biology 2

• Cervix


  Where the vagina ends; projection of the uterus into the vagina, leads to the uterus
• Luteal phase


  Part of the menstrual cycle of the ovary after the oocytes are released from the follicles; the remains of the follicle become the corpus luteum, which then secretes progesterone, which stimulates the uterus to undergo final maturational changes that prepare it for gestation to house and nourish an embryo
• Calorie


  A unit of energy that indicates the amount of energy contained in food. It specifically refers to the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1 kg (2.2 Ib.) of water by 1°C (1.8°F).
• Nutritional requirements of animals

  • Carbohydrates
  • Proteins
  • Fats
  • Essential Nutrients
• Carbohydrates


  Serve as a major energy source for the cells in the body. These are usually obtained from grains, cereals, breads, fruits, and vegetables. On average, carbohydrates contain 4 Calories per gram.
• Proteins


  Can also be used as an energy source but the body mainly uses these as building materials for cell structures and as enzymes, hormones, parts of muscles, and bones. Proteins come from dairy products, poultry, fish, meat, and grains. Like carbohydrates, proteins also contain 4 Calories per gram.
• Fats


  Are used to build cell membranes, steroid hormones, and other cellular structures; also used to insulate nervous tissue, and also serve as an energy source. Fats also contain certain fat- soluble vitamins that are important for good health. Fats are obtained from oils, margarine, butter, fried foods, meat, and processed snack foods. They contain a higher amount of energy per gram than carbohydrates or proteins, about 9 Calories per gram.
• Essential Nutrients

  • include substances that animals can only get from the foods they eat because they could not be synthesized inside the body
  • include substances that animals can only get from the foods they IVi
• Essential amino acids


  Needed for synthesis of proteins and enzymes; among the 20 amino acids, eight could not be synthesized by humans: lysine, tryptophan, threonine, methionine, phenylalanine, leucine, isoleucine and valine.
• Essential fatty acids


  Used for making special membrane lipids; an example is linoleic acid in humans.
• Vitamins


  Organic molecules required in small amounts for normal metabolism; examples include fat-soluble Vitamins A, D, E, K, and water-soluble Vitamins B, B2, B3, R12 C
• Organs involved in digestion

  • Liver
  • Gallbladder
  • Pancreas
• Liver


  Secretes bile for emulsifying fats
• Gallbladder


  Stores bile produced by the liver
• Pancreas


  Secretes enzymes that break down all major food molecules; secretes buffers against HCI from the stomach; secretes the hormone insulin for control of glucose metabolism