Cultural and gender issues in psychological research

• examples of cross cultural research: Becker et al, Sebastian and Hernandez-Gil (2012) and Van Ijzendoorm & Kroonenburg.
• If gender differences exists then conclusions from samples of just one gender shouldn't lead to conclusions about "people in general". E.g Sheriff.
• Alpha bias: research stresses or overestimates gender differences.
• Beta bias: ignores or under estimates gender differences, large samples of males. E.g. social psychology.
• emic approach: looking at culture from within it.
• Etic approach: looks at culture from the outside and draws on data from many cultures.
• (social) (gender) Milgram's study used only male sample, looking into obedience.
• (social) (culture) Assimilation cultures are more prejudice. Multi-cultured cultures less prejudice.
• (cognitive) (gender) more females are diagnosed with Alzeihmers.
• (cognitive) (culture) Sebastian & Hernandez-Gil found memory is not affected by culture but language.
• (biological) (gender) males have higher testosterone levels than females.
• (learning) Bandura- males were more aggressive physically.
• (learning) (culture) Becker- culture impacts through media how we perceive ourselves.
• (learning) (culture) Norms and beliefs culture effect on learning, people copy what they say. Society passes down social norms and beliefs.
• (Biological) (gender) gender differences in genes. XX for females and XY for males.
• (biological) (culture) biological approach suggests behaviour is caused by genetics not culture.
• (clinical) (gender) Anorexia research has significant gender differences, more females in studies.
• (clinical) (culture) Lurham- cross cultural research of schizophrenic patients experiencing voices as different cultures have different beliefs about voices.
• (child) (gender) The diagnosis rates are increased in males for autism.
• (Child) (Cultural) cross cultural research of strange situation