SA2 ELS

• 5 characteristics of minerals

  -naturally occuring

  -inorganic

  -solid

  -definite chemical composition

  -ordered internal structure (may have crystal structure, i.e. snowflake)
• 5 properties of minerals

  -luster

  -streak

  -color

  -hardness

  -cleavage
• luster


  the intensity of light that is reflected
• color


  absorption/lack of various wavelengths of light
• streak


  colored of the powdered material
• hardness


  ability to resist scratch
• fingernail

  2.5
• copper penny

  3.5
• knife/glass palate

  5.5
• steel nail

  6.5
• masonry drill bit

  8.5
• cleavage

  mineral to split/break
• fractures


  break minerals into curvy surfaces without definite shape
• metallic minerals


  gold, copper, chromite
• non-metallic minerals

  halite, gypsum, calcite
• gold

  rare and expensive
• copper


  major industrial metal
• chromite


  does not tarnish in air
• non-metallic

  halite, gypsum, calcite
• halite/salt


  crystalline solid
• gypsum


  white streak
• calcite


  acid neutralizer, found in cave/everywhere
• true

  all rocks are minerals but not all minerals are rock
• igneous rocks


  formed when magma cools down
• sedimentary rocks


  formed when sediments (sands) compact that forms layers
• sediments


  formed when igneous rocks undergo erosions, precipitations, and in coastal areas due to the force of waves that formed small particles (sands)
• metamorphic rocks 


  rocks undergo change due to its subjection to heat and pressure
• instrusive igneous rocks


  formed inside the volcanoes; under the surface
• extrusive igneous rocks


  outside on the surface
• remains, traces, or imprint of a plant that has been preserved

  fossils
• body fossils


  remains of the body parts
• trace fossils/ichnofossils

  movement/activities of ancient organisms
• characteristics of index fossils/key fossils

  widespread, abundant, shortlived
• index fossils


  age of fossils through the age of soil; age of the earth through the age of soil
• law of fossil succession

  focuses on the group of fossils which have the same age
• law of superposition


  youngest soil are on the top while the bottom is the oldest
• relative dating


  relationship of one fossil to one

  not specific age

  comparing two/more fossil which is younger or older
• absolute dating


  -range of existence of organisms

  -which works on identifying carbon 14
• troposphere


  -lowest layer

  -where humans live

  -all weather occurs here

  -formation of clouds
• stratosphere


  -contains the ozone layer