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• Respiratory System


  Critical part of the human body that is responsible for our ability to breathe and exchange gases with the environment
• Respiratory System/Ventilatory System/Pulmonary System


  • Consists of a series of tubes that transport air into and out if the lungs
  • Its function is to supply oxygen (O2) to the body cells and to transport carbon dioxide (CO2), produced by the body cells, to the atmosphere
• Functions of the respiratory organs


  • Production of speech
  • Body defense against foreign material
  • Hormonal regulation of blood pressure
• When we are under stress


  Our body releases a hormone called cortisol, which helps to prepare us for the "fight or flight" response
• Cortisol levels


  Can be affected by breathing patterns, and slow, deep breathing has been shown to help regulate cortisol levels and reduce stress
• Process involved in Respiration

  1. Pulmonary ventilation: breathing

  2. External respiration: diffusion of CO2 and O2, between air in the lungs and capillaries

  3. Internal respiration: diffusion of CO2 and O2, between blood and tissue cells

  4. Cellular respiration: use of O2 by the body cells in production of energy and release of CO2 and H2O by the body cells
• Parts of the Respiratory System

  • Nose (nostrils or nares)
  • Pharynx
  • Larynx (voicebox)
  • Trachea (windpipe)
  • Bronchi
  • Lungs
  • Pleura
• Respiratory Disorders


  • Abscess (lung)
  • Asphyxiation
  • Asthma
  • Atelectasis
  • Bronchiectasis
  • Bronchitis
  • Carcinoma
  • Cor Pulmonale
  • Coryza
  • COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)
  • Deviated Septum
  • Diphtheria
  • Effusion
  • Emphysema
  • Empyema
  • Fibrosis
  • Flail Chest
  • Flu
  • Hay fever
  • Hemothorax
  • Hiccough
  • Histoplasmosis
  • Hyaline Membrane Disease
  • Laryngotracheobronchitis
  • Pertussis
  • Pleurisy
  • Pneumoconiosis
  • Rhinorrhea
  • Tuberculosis (TB)
  • URTI
• Miscellaneous Terms


  • Aerosol
  • Anoxia
  • Apnea
  • Bifurcation
  • Bronchodilator
  • Bronchospasm
  • Cheyne-Stokes
  • Consolidation
  • Cyanosis
  • Dysphonia
  • Dyspnea
  • Endotracheal Tube (ET)
  • Expectorants
  • Hemoptysis
  • Hiatus
  • Hilus
  • Hypercapnia
  • Hyperventilation
  • Hypoxia
  • Kussmaul Breathing
  • Laryngectomy
  • Lobectomy
  • Mantoux (test)
  • Orthopnea
  • Parenchyma
  • Percussion
  • Auscultation
  • Perfusion
  • Pneumothorax
  • Productive cough
  • Rales or Ronchi
  • Respirator/Ventilator
  • Rhinoplasty
  • SOB
  • Spirometer
  • Sputum
  • Tachypnea
  • Thoracentesis
  • Tracheotomy
• The lungs are the only organs that can float on water
• Medical examiners use the "lung float test" during autopsies to determine if a baby was stillborn (died in the womb)
• Your lungs are not sterile or germ-free, even in health
• Coughing, sneezing, and yawning are natural mechanisms
• Some air never leaves your lungs
• It is possible to live with just one lung (Pneumonectomy)
• Cardiovascular System


  Subset of the circulatory system, consisting of the heart, blood and blood vessels. The lymphatic system is also part of the circulatory system, consisting of lymph vessels and nodes
• Associated with the circulatory system are the blood forming organs


  • Spleen
  • Liver
  • Bone marrow
  • Thymus gland
  • Lymph tissue
• Cardiovascular system


  • Organ system that distributes blood to all parts of the body
  • Major function transportation, using blood as the transport vehicle
  • This system carries oxygen, nutrients, cell wastes, hormones and other substances vital for body homeostasis to and from cells
  • The force to move blood around the body is provided by the pumping heart and blood pressure
• The HEART


  • Four-chambered hollow organ that lies between the lungs in the middle of the thoracic cavity
  • About the size of the owner's fist, cone-shaped organ that weighs less than a pound
  • The pointed apex is directed toward the left hip and rests at about the fifth intercostal space
  • The broad aspect, or base, points toward the right shoulder and lies beneath the second rib
  • Enclosed by a double-walled sac called the pericardium
  • Heart walls is composed of 3 layers: Outer Epicardium, Myocardium, Endocardium
  • A slippery lubricating fluid is produced by the serous pericardial membranes which allows the heart to beat easily in a relative frictionless environment
  • The septum that divides the heart longitudinally is the interventricular septum or the interatrial septum
• The heart functions as a double pump

  • The right side works as the pulmonary circuit pump
  • Receives relatively oxygen-poor blood from the veins of the body through the large superior and inferior vena cavae
  • The blood then pumps out through the pulmonary trunk which splits into the left and right pulmonary arteries
  • The pulmonary arteries carry blood to the lungs, where oxygen is picked up and carbon dioxide is being unloaded
• Pericardium


  Slippery, two-layer serous pericardium
• Parietal layer


  Lines the interior of the fibrous pericardium
• Heart wall layers


  • Epicardium
  • Myocardium
  • Endocardium
• Serous pericardial membranes


  Produce a slippery lubricating fluid that allows the heart to beat easily in a relative frictionless environment
• Lack of pericardial fluid


  Causes pericarditis, pericardial layers stick together forming painful adhesions
• Interventricular septum


  Divides the heart longitudinally
• Interatrial septum


  Divides the heart longitudinally
• Heart


  • Functions as a double pump
• Pulmonary circulation


  1. Receives oxygen-poor blood from the veins of the body

  2. Blood pumps out through the pulmonary trunk

  3. Pulmonary arteries carry blood to the lungs

  4. Oxygen-rich blood drains from the lungs and is returned to the left side of the heart
• Systemic circulation


  Blood returned to the left side of the heart is pumped out of the heart into the aorta, systemic arteries branch from the aorta to supply the body tissues with blood
• Types of blood vessels

  • Arteries
  • Veins
  • Capillaries
• Arteries


  • Carry blood from the heart
  • Elastic arteries are the largest arteries from the heart
  • Muscular arteries branch into medium-sized and small arteries that contains both muscular and elastic tissue
  • Arterioles deliver blood to capillary bed in tissues
• Veins


  • Carry blood back to the arteria of the heart
  • Venous system hold 75% of total blood volume and returns blood under very low pressure
  • Venous system begins in the capillary beds and flow into the larger venules and then into small, medium, and large veins
• Capillaries


  • Smallest of the body's blood vessels
  • Only one cell thick, sites of the transfer of oxygen and other nutrients from the bloodstream to other tissues in the body
• Types of circulation


  • Pulmonary (lung)
  • Systemic (whole body)
  • Portal (intestine, liver, spleen)
• Functions of the circulatory system

  • Transport
  • Body temperature regulation
  • Protection
  • Buffering
• Lymphatic system


  Accessory component of the circulatory system, produces and stores lymphocytes, lymph fluid, and lymph vessels that return lymph fluid to the circulation
• Functions of the lymphatic system


  • Returns excessive fluid that leaked from the capillaries
  • Returns plasma proteins to the circulation that have leaked in the capillaries
  • Transports absorbed nutrients to the blood
  • Removes toxic substances and other cellular debris from circulation after infection or tissue damage
  • Controls quality of tissue fluid by filtering it through lymph nodes before returning it to the circulation
• Blood components


  • Red blood cells (erythrocytes)
  • White blood cells (leukocytes)
  • Fibrinogen
  • Thrombocytes (platelets)
  • Plasma
  • Serum
  • Reticulocytes
• Universal donor


  Person with group O blood