Intellectuals

• Variables that influence the Development of Science Ideas, Science Discoveries, and Technology

  • Creativity
  • Curiosity
  • Critical Thinking
  • Passion to know
  • Passion to discover
• SCIENTISTS


  Individuals who make scientific discoveries and develop new ideas
• SCIENCE IDEAS


  New concepts and theories proposed by scientists
• SCIENCE DISCOVERIES


  New findings and observations made by scientists
• NICOLAUS COPERNICUS


  • The sun was the center of the universe (heliocentric)
  • His ideas were an example of thought experiment
  • In 1514, he published the Commentariolus, a summary of his ideas where he introduced the heliocentric model
  • Formalized his model in the publication of his treatise, the De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium (The Revolution of Celestial Spheres) in 1543 which aims to expound and promote the heliocentric system
• De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres)

  • The sun to be the center piece of the universe
  • Planetary Motion
  • The orbits of Venus and Mercury lay inside the orbit of the Earth
  • The orbits of Mars, Saturn, and Jupiter lay outside the Earth's orbit
• • The works of Copernicus was judge to be heretic and became unacceptable idea to be taught to Catholics
  • Catholic Church banned the Copernican Model
• CHARLES DARWIN


  • A British naturalist who proposed the theory of biological evolution by natural selection
  • Origin of Species
  • The idea that species change over time, give rise to new species, and share a common ancestor
• Summary of Darwin's Theory

  1. Individuals in nature differ from one another

  2. Because more organisms are produce than can survive, each species must struggle for resources

  3. Each organism is unique, each has advantages and disadvantages in the struggle for existence

  4. Individuals best suited for the environment survive and reproduce most successful

  5. Species change over time

  6. Species alive today descended with modification from species that lived in the past

  7. All organisms on earth are united into a single family tree of life by common descent
• Evidence of Evolution


  • The Fossil Record
  • Geographic Distribution of Living Things
  • Homologous Body Structures
  • Similarities in Early Development
• • Evolution does not tell us about how life first appeared on Earth
  • Individuals do not evolve. Only populations can evolve
  • Not all changes are "good"
  • Changes that can happen to a person in their lifetime do not always get passed on to their children
  • Evolution is not a ladder working towards a better species
• SIGMUND FREUD


  • Psychoanalysis: A method of investigating the mind and especially the unconscious mind
  • Believes that human behavior is a result the 3 components of psyche: id, ego, superego
  • A new self-standing discipline based on the knowledge gained from the application of the investigation method and clinical experiments
• Conscious mind


  Contains all of the thoughts, memories, feelings, and wishes of which we are aware at any given moment
• Preconscious


  Consists of anything that could potentially be brought into the conscious mind
• Unconscious mind


  A reservoir of feelings, thoughts, urges, and memories that outside of our conscious awareness
• Nature of People


  • Psychic determinism and unconscious mental processes
  • To achieve balance people need a deep understanding of the forces that motivate them
  • Psychic energy systems are the id, ego, superego
  • Behavior determined by energy, unconscious motives and by instinctual and biological drives
• Intellectualism refers to the belief that intellectuals can solve social problems through their knowledge and expertise
• The intellectual is an individual who has been educated beyond the level required by his or her profession
• Intellectuals are often seen as elitist because they believe that they possess superior intelligence and knowledge compared to others
• They also promoted scientific methods and empirical evidence as ways to understand the world around us.
• Intellectuals must not only understand but also act on behalf of the masses
• Enlightened thinkers believed that society's problems were caused by ignorance and superstition, and they advocated for education as a means of solving these issues.
• Intellectuals have a special responsibility to use their education to improve society
• The Enlightenment was an intellectual movement that emphasized reason over tradition.
• Intellectuals have a strong commitment to rationality and logic, which sometimes leads them to dismiss traditional beliefs and values.
• Intellectuals have played a significant role in shaping modern societies by promoting rationality, science, and democracy.
• Intellectuals have played important roles throughout history, from advising rulers on matters of state to advocating for political change and social reform.
• Intellectuals have a responsibility to use their knowledge and skills to improve society and address its problems