Transport circulation

• Plant transport


  Involves movement of water plus macronutrients and micronutrients through the cells and the vascular system
• Short distance movement


  Movement of water and minerals across plant roots
• Long distance movement


  Movement of water, minerals, and photosynthates through the plant
• Routes of Absorption of Water and Minerals across Plant roots (short distance)

  1. Symplast route - through plasmodesmata (cell junctions)

  2. Apoplast route - along cell walls
• Xylem Transport


  1. Movement is controlled by pressure potential (hydraulic pressure)

  2. Water is mainly pulled by transpiration from leaves (Cohesion-tension-transpiration pull Model)

  3. Water properties: cohesion- mutual attraction between water molecules, adhesion- attraction of

  water molecules to polar surfaces, surface tension- tendency to

  occupy the least possible surface area.

  4. Tension created by release of water from leaves causes upward flow

  5. Transpiration results in water loss, which must be controlled

  6. Guttation - water pushed out of leaves in high humidity and wet soils
• Phloem Transport


  1. Translocation - transport of food nutrients such as glucose and amino acids from leaves (source) to all other cells (sink)

  2. Since the source to sink relationship is variable, the direction of movement in the phloem can be upwards or downwards, bi-directional. Unlike the one-way flow of water in transpiration, food in phloem sap can be transported in any required direction so long as

  there is a source of sugar and a sink able to use, store or remove the sugar
• Pressure Flow or Mass Flow Hypothesis


  Mechanism of phloem transport
• Functions of the Animal Circulatory System


  • Transport of nutrients and respiratory gases to every part of the body
  • Collection of waste products of metabolism and excess substances bringing them to organs for their proper elimination
  • Protection against diseases by way of phagocytosis and antibody production of the blood cells
• Open circulatory system


  Blood does not stay in the blood vessel, poured directly into the body tissues (arthropods, some cephalopods, mollusks)
• Closed circulatory system


  Blood passes via the blood vessels; it does not come in direct contact with the body tissues (echinoderms, cephalopod, mollusks, annelids, vertebrates)
• Functions of the circulatory system

  • Transporting substances around the body (oxygen, glucose, carbon dioxide, nutrients, water, waste products)
  • Protecting the body (blood cells and antibodies fight infection, clotting agents stop bleeding)
  • Controlling body temperature
• Vascular tissue (Blood)


  Specialized form of connective tissue, components: blood cells, plasma (extracellular matrix)
• What's in BLOOD?

  • Red blood cells
  • White blood cells
  • Platelets
  • Plasma (carbon dioxide, digested food, waste, hormones, oxygen)
• Red blood cells

  • Disc-shaped
  • Contain a red-colored compound called hemoglobin which bonds with oxygen to form oxyhemoglobin.
  • Also known as erythrocytes
• White blood cells 


  • Also called leucocytes
  • Bigger than red blood cells and have large nuclei.
  • Body’s defense system.
  • Surround and consume harmful microbes.
  • Some produce antibodies that fight infection
• Types of White Blood Cells

  • Granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils)
  • Agranulocytes (lymphocytes, monocytes)
• Platelets

  • Formed in red bone marrow.
  • Produce thrombokinase
  • A chemical needed for blood clotting.
  • Repair tissues and close wounds both internally and externally.
  • When needed, they grow into irregular shapes and stick together to form a plug over the wound
  • Also called as Thrombocytes
  • Broken off from larger cells called megakaryocytes
• Blood clotting


  1. Platelets aggregate at wound site

  2. Broken cells and platelets release chemicals to stimulate thrombin production

  3. Thrombin converts fibrinogen into sticky fibrin, which binds the clot
• Components of Plasma

  • Water (~90%)
  • Nutrients
  • Waste products (CO2, ammonia, urea)
  • Hormones
  • Oxygen
  • Proteins (including fibrinogen, a clotting factor)
• Serum


  Everything in plasma, minus the clotting factors
• Bone Marrow and Hematopoiesis


  Red bone marrow actively generates blood cells, yellow marrow is dormant fat storage
• Hemophilia


  Blood-clotting disorder caused by absence of a particular clotting factor
• Hematopoietic cells


  Adult stem cells that become the various types of blood cells, located in the bone marrow
• Agglutination


  Clumping of red blood cells, can cause blood to stop circulating in small blood vessels, leading to organ damage and hemolysis (bursting of RBC)
• Components of animal circulatory system

  • Lymph - the Circulatory fluid

  • Pump - a pumping organ that circulates blood through the body (heart in most animals).

  • Vessels - tubes through which the blood can circulate throughout the body.
• Components of animal circulatory system (lymph)

  • Plasma- Watery, containing dissolved and dispersed molecules

  • Cellular elements In hemolymph

  > Hemocytes - various cell types . Responsible for immune functions, clotting, oxygen transport

  >Blood

  } Erythrocytes - red blood cells for transporting oxygen .

  } Leukocytes - white blood cells for immune response

  } Thrombocytes - blood platelets - for clotting
• General Components of the Circulatory System

  •Blood the circulating fluid

  •Heart a pumping organ that circulates blood through the body

  •Blood vessels tubes through which the blood can circulate through out the body
• Neutrophil


  Most common granulocytes

  
• Eusinophils


  Phagocytize bacteria and microbes that the immune system has coated with antibodies

  
• Basophil


  release histamines and heparin

  
• Monocytes


  Patrol body tissues for microbes and worn out tissue. 2nd to arrive in the wound site

  
• Lymphocytes


  Smallest leukocytes

  
• T Cells


  Attach and destory cancerous cells
• B cells


  Manifacture antibodies
• Natural Killer cells


  can detect, sick, cancerous, and infected cells