psych

Cards (447)

  • Evolutionary approach focuses on how are humans alike because of the common biology and evolutionary history
  • Sociocultural approach focuses on how environment, friends and family influence behaviour and thoughts
  • In 1859 Darwin in his book "Origin of Species" explained natural selection (nature selects the best organism to survive and reproduce in a particular environment)
  • Control condition
    A standart in which other conditions can be compared
  • Experiments
    Have dependent and independent variables, and are controlled. Wants to prove the cause
  • Independent variable

    The variable that the researchers manipulate
  • Dependent variable
    The variable that is affected by changes in the IV
  • Confounding variable
    Any other variables than the IV that might affect the DV, but the researcher can't properly control it
  • Operationalisation
    A process of precisely defining how a variable can be measured
  • Correlational studies
    Connection/correlation of 2 events, correlation does not prove causation
  • Perfectly positive correlation

    1 coefficient
  • Strong positive correlation

    0.8 coefficient, positive correlation
  • Weak positive correlation

    0.5 coefficient, positive correlation
  • Weak negative correlation
    • 0.5 coefficient
  • Basic Research
    Performed to learn about something. It is curiosity-driven and used to expand upon knowledge. It doesn't have an immediate objective
  • Applied Research
    Answers specific questions and is used to solve a problem or do something of practical use
  • Descriptive methods

    Describe behaviours, often by using case studies, surveys or naturalistic observations
  • Correlational methods
    Associate different factors and different variables
  • Experimental methods
    Manipulate variables in order to see the effect
  • Random selection
    A way of selecting members of a population for your study's sample
  • Random assignment
    A way of sorting the sample into control and experimental groups
  • Survey research
    Answering a survey and forming an opinion based on the survey. You can't get a complete picture, but can't get deep data, people can lie, depending on how the question is formed
  • Case studies
    Gather lots of deep data about a specific individual or a group. This method provides a full picture of what happened. Very rare individuals
  • Longitudinal studies

    Follow one group, and gather data over a long time, slow results, the participants are more likely to drop out
  • Naturalistic observation

    Researchers go to people's environments and observe them as they really are, however, there is a lack of control, as you do not know what you are observing it's called covert observation
  • Cross-sectional studies
    Gather at one point in time, don't give a history of the full picture, and compare two or more groups
  • Hawthorne effect
    You change the way you act when someone is observing you
  • Demanding characteristics
    Becoming more helpful or trying to sabotage the research based on the clues picked up by the researcher
  • American psychological association
    It addresses a number of ethical guidelines for the practice of psychology
  • Institutional review board (IRB)

    Serves to review and approve research conducted on human participants at that university
  • Introspection
    The examination of our own conscious thoughts and feelings
  • Structuralism
    A school of thought that attempts to understand human consciousness by examining its underlying components( breaking down into components)-Wilhelm Wundt and Titcher
  • Functionalism
    Approach that views mental life and behaviour in terms of active adaptation to environmental challenges and opportunities - William James
  • Biological approach
    The mind is what the brain does. Scientific theory is based on what can be measured, counted, and observed. Although the theory is too simple
  • Monism
    Is the belief that the mind and brain are the same things
  • Dualism
    Is the view that the mind and body both exist as separate entities
  • Gestalt psychology
    Is a school of thought that looks at the human mind and behaviour as a whole
  • Nature-nurture debate

    Describes the question of how much a person's characteristics are formed by either nature or nurture. Nature - biological factors. Nurture- life experience
  • Psychoanalytic theory/Psychodynamic
    Our childhood experiences and unconscious desires influence behaviour. - Freud
  • Behaviourism
    Behaviorism is a theory of learning that states all behaviours are learned through interaction with the environment through a process called conditioning.- Ivan Pavlov