Motivation

• Emotion


  experience of feelings that underlies behavior; activates and effects behaviors but difficult to predict behavior; ex. Fear, joy, surprise

  
• Instinct


  specific, inborn behavior patterns characteristic of an entire species; thought to account for human behavior until 1920s when it was learned that 1) behavior is learned, 2) behavior is rarely rigid and inflexible, 3) behavior to instinct means nothing; ex. Salmon swim upstream to spawn, spiders spin webs

  
• Drive


  state of arousal/tension that motivates behaviors; ex. Hunger, thirst
• Homeostasis


  balance; stability; part of the drive-reduction theory; when individual functions effectively because drives are met

  
• Incentive


  external stimulus that motivates behavior; do not need to be aware of it to happen; does not have to be primary or an active, cognitive secondary drive; ex. Bakery, impulse buys, advertisements, Krispy Kreme

  
• Intrinsic Motivation


  internal motivation; completing the activity because it please you; ex. Singing, reading, crosswords, etc.; some people turn these things into extrinsic motivations like jobs but this is rare

  
• Extrinsic Motivation


  external motivation; completion of activity because of the consequence: reward or to avoid punishment; ex. Job, chores, school assignment, etc.

  
• Primary Drive


  unlearned; found in all animals and humans; motivates behavior that is vital to the survival of the individual/species; hunger, thirst, sex, sleep, BR needs

  
• Set Point


  idea that your body returns to a preprogrammed weight; this occurs naturally (after dieting and other events)

  
• Anorexia Nervosa


  eating disorder; severe weight loss accompanied by obsessive worrying about weight gain despite the fact the person is 10-15% below normal body weight; symptoms include: absence of 3 menstrual periods (females), distorted body image, intense fear of weight gain, dull eyes, baggy skin, dull hair, sallow skin, listlessness, overexercises, obsession about amount of food eaten; Onset: early adolescence, more white middle-class females; often comorbid with OCD

  
• Bulimia Nervosa


  eating disorder; recurrent episodes of binging and purging (massive eating in private, hiding out then throwing up or laxative usage), looks normal in weight (often) and is obsessed with maintaining weight not necessarily losing weight ; symptoms include: bruising on hand, suspicious behavior, binging/purging, smell from skin and mouth, lank hair, rotting teeth (eventually), puffy skin; Onset: late adolescence, more white middle-class females, but rising in white males

  
• Stimulus Motive


  unlearned; responsive to external stimuli; pushes us to investigate, and often change, environment; ex. Curiosity, exploration, manipulation, and contact; males more likely to be aggressive probably because of socialization; collectivistic cultures are more likely to seek compromise
• Aggression


  behavior aimed at inflicting physical or psychological harm; intent is key element; ex. Road rage, passive aggressive acts, hitting

  
• Achievement Motive


  measured by Work & Family Orientation (WOFO) Scales; need to excel or overcome obstacles; often in areas of work, mastery, and competiveness; ex. GPA, award winners, standardized test scores (high), etc.

  
• Yerkes-Dodson Law


  evidences arousal theory; the more complex a task, the lower level of arousal that can be tolerated without interference before the performance deteriorates; ex. used in class-driving to school, driving angry, finding a new location, boiling an egg
• Cannon-Bard Theory


  1920s; theory of emotion; processing emotions and bodily response occur simultaneously; ex. I see a bear, I feel afraid and my heart is racing
• James-Lange Theory


  1880s; William James and Carl Lange; theory of emotion; stimuli in environment cause physiological change in bodies, then emotion comes; ex. I see a bear which cause my heart to race, then I become afraid

  
• Two Factor Theory of Emotion


  Schacter & Singer (1962); cognitive theory; there are bodily emotions, but we use the emotions/information to tell us how to reaction in the situation; only when we think, recognize, do we experience the emotion

  
• Plutchik's 3D model


  1980; 8 basic emotions-fear, surprise, sadness, disgust, anger, anticipation, joy, & acceptance; helps adjust to demands of environment; model illustrates how emotions are more alike to those situated near it than those farther away (circle)_; varies with intensity

  
• Hierarchy of Needs


  humanism; Marlow; graduation of primitive motives to more sophisticated, complex (human needs); higher motives only emerge after basic are fulfilled; Stages-physiological, safety, belonging/love (sometimes a separate stage), esteem, and self-actualization

  
• Sexual Response Cycle


  explains sexual drive; Masters & Johnson (1966); EXPLORRE: EXcite, PLateau, ORgasm, REsolution (4 phases); describes the sexual response of males and females

  
• Ventromedial Hypothalamus (VMH)


  part of the hypothalamus; satiety center; ceases hunger; in rats, works as a "on-off' switch (studies caused obese rats); has been challenged as the on-off switch; L comes before V, therefore you have to start eating before you can stop

  
• Lateral Hypothalamus (LH)


  part of the hypothalamus; feeding center; stimulates hunger; if destroyed, may cause starvation because organism doesn't receive cue to eat; L comes before V, therefore you have to start eating before you can stop
• Arousal Theory


  theory of motivation; each individual has an optimal level of arousal (alertness, paying attention) that varies from one situation to the next; maintained by desire at that moment; may affect your performance (Yerkes-Dodson Law); Advantages-sensation or thrillseekers
• Secondary Drives


  acquired through learning; affiliation, social, achievement, aggression, power; Ex. money, grades, friends, intimacy, acceptance, praise, etc.

  
• Facial Expression


  affect; emotions expression on the face

  
• chameleon effect


  Natural (unconscious) tendency to imitate other peoples speech, inflections & physical movements
• approach-approach conflict


  Conflict that results from having to choose between two attractive alternatives
• approach-avoidance conflict


  conflict occurring when a person must choose or not choose a goal that has both positive and negative aspects
• avoidance-avoidance conflict


  Conflict that results from having to choose between two distasteful alternatives
• multiple conflicts


  stress produced by having to choose between options that have both positive and negative aspects.
• Eutress


  positive stress
• distress


  extreme anxiety, sorrow, or pain or negative stress
• facial blend


  a mixture of traces of various emotions on the face, such as fear and anger; most facial expressions are short-lived and thus reflect the transition from one emotional state to another
• General Adaptation Syndrome


  Seyle's concept that the body responds to stress with alarm, resistance and exhaustion
• approach-approach conflict


  Conflict that results from having to choose between two attractive alternatives
• approach-avoidance conflict


  A conflict in which there are both appealing and negative aspects to the decision to be made.
• avoidance-avoidance conflict


  Conflict that results from having to choose between two distasteful alternatives
• frustration


  the blocking of goal-directed behavior
• emotion-focused coping


  a type of coping in which people try to prevent having an emotional response to a stressor