global migration

• migration - movement of people across a specific boundary for the purpose of establishing a new or semi-permanent residence
• immigration - migration happens as an inflow of people into a country
• emigration - migration happening as an outflow from a country
• internal migration - aka domestic migration, is the movement of people within a country, usually for economic reasons
• external migration - aka international migration, refers to the movement of people who move from one country to another by changing their place of residence permanently or for a long period
• types:

  • emigration
  • immigration
  • internal migration
  • external migration
• country of destination - a country where a migrant is going to; this may also be called a receiving country
• country of origin - a country of nationality or of former habitual residence of a person or group of persons who have migrated abroad
• integration - the two-way process of mutual adaptation between migrants and the societies in which they live, whereby migrants are incorporated into the social, economic, cultural, and political life of the receiving community
• international migration - the movement of persons away from their place of usual residence and across an international border to a country of which they are not nationals
• irregular migration - movement of persons that takes place outside the laws, regulations, or international agreements governing the entry or exit from the country of origin or destination
• labor migration - movement of persons from one country to another, or within their own country of residence, for the purpose of employment
• migrant stock - for statistical purposes, the total number of international migrants present in a given country at a particular point in time
• migrant worker - a person who is to be engaged, is engaged, or had been engaged in a labor in country of which they are not a national
• regular migration - migration that occurs in compliance with the laws of the country of origin, transit, and destination
• reintegration - a process which enables individuals to re-establish the economic, social, and psychosocial relationships needed to maintain life, livelihood, and dignity and inclusion in civic life upon return to their country of origin
• remittances - private international monetary transfers that migrants make, individually or collectively
• social remittances - the transfer of ideas, skills, behaviors, identities, and social capital from migrants to their communities of origin
• definition of terms:

  • country of destination
  • country of origin
  • integration
  • international migration
  • irregular migration
  • labor migration
  • migrant stock
  • migrant worker
  • regular migration
  • reintegration
  • remittances
  • social remittances
• push factors

  • characteristics that make it difficult or impossible to live in countries of origin
  • reasons that compel people to leave their home country and seek opportunities elsewhere
• pull factors

  • conditions that make living in destination countries a more attritive place to live
  • positive aspects of a different country that encourage people to immigrate in order to seek a better life
• push and pull factors - economic, political, cultural, and environmental in nature
• demographic factors - differences among populations in terms of age and sex that affect migration and are being affected by it at the same time
• marital status

  • one of the most common motivations that drive individuals to migrate
  • being single, since they aren't tied to family life
• life cycle

  • motivations that stem from or are related to a person's developmental stage
  • retirement, parental ties, children's education
  • age and health of a loved one
• household - also decide who is fit to leave their home in consideration of their economic well-being
• networks - social connections that facilitate the experiences of migrants
• motivation for movement:

  • marital status
  • life cycle
  • household
  • networks
• economic (benefits):

  • economic growth in countries of destination from filling up job vacancies and skill gaps
  • countries of origin will benefit largely from increases remittances from migrants
  • reduction of unemployment
• economic (detriments):

  • increase in number of workers may lead to lowering of wages
  • brain drain
  • care drain
  • income gap in communities
• political (benefits):

  • immigration and emigration policies may be improved
  • institutionalization: more and more government agencies participate in the facilitation migration
  • diplomacy and international relations may be improved to sustain growth brought by migration
• political (detriments):

  • improvement of policies may leave out irregular migrants
  • institutionalization may become more expensive and cumbersome for poorer people; more opportunities for corruption
  • increased diversity may breed conflict and make peacekeeping more difficult
• socio-cultural (benefits):

  • migrants can develop perspectives and improved doing of things in their lives
  • cultural diversity is developed in countries of destination
  • families left behind are able to experience or comsune new things
• socio-cultural (detriments):

  • problems with integration like racism, prejudice, and discrimination
  • exploitation, especially of irregular migrants who are less protected by the law
  • care drain as more mothers leave their children
• psychological (benefits):

  • possibility or migrants to improve their skill sets and identity
  • resilience in the presence of foreigners
  • migrants may develop new worldviews due to increased contact with a diverse group of people
• psychological (detriments):

  • role confusion and identity crises leading to low levels of self-esteem
  • fear and anxiety over xenophobia and discrimination
  • feelings of homesickness or nostalgia
  • insecurity or possibility of trauma due to the needed adjustments to a new life abroad
• benefits and detriments:

  • economic
  • politial
  • socio-cultural
  • psychological
• partner relationship issues:

  • psychological issues
  • marital infidelity issues
  • gender-role issues
• psychological issues - labor migration disrupts this arrangement and results in the emergence of psychological issues that could plague their marriage
• marital infidelity issues - one of the cornerstones of a married relationship is intimacy, and labor migrants make this very difficult to sustain because partners are physically apart