ES - Exogenic & Endogenic Process

• Exogenic process - Occurs on Earth’s surface and is drawn by external forces such as solar energy
• Weathering - Break down of rocks
• Erosion - Transportation of weathered rocks by wind, air, gravity, etc.
• Mass wasting - Transfer or movement of rock or soil down the slope primarily by gravity
• Physical weathering - The rock changes its shape and size, without changing the chemical properties
• Chemical weathering - Due to the alteration of air and water, the chemical composition of the rock changes.
• Biotic weathering - Decay of rocks due to the animals, plants, and microbes
• Exfoliation - Stripping of the outer layers of rocks due to intense heating
• Frost wedging - Water inside the fracture freezes the joints and it expands and grows
• Block disintegration - Repeated heating and cooling of materials cause rigid substances to crack and separate
• Endogenic process - Earth’s internal process that is driven by the energy and forces deep within Earth
• Geothermal gradient - Change in temperature
• Volcanism -

  • Eruption of molten rock called magma onto Earth’s surface through a vent
  • The driving force of volcanism is the plate tectonic motion created by thermal convection currents
• Compression - This type of stress is when plates push against or squeeze each other
• Tension - This type of stress happens when plates pulls apart of gets longer
• Shear - This type of stress occurs when plates move past/beside each other
• Plutonism - The process by which magma rises through the crust and crystallizes as an intrusive igneous rock beneath the Earth’s surface
• Folding - When two forces push each other from opposite sides, the rock layers will bend into folds
• Anticline - It is also known as an upward curve
• Synclines - It is also known as a downward curve
• Faulting - Fracturing or displacement of more rock brittle strata along a fault plane
• Divergence - This is when two tectonic plates move away from each other
• Convergence - This is when two tectonic plates move towards each other
• Transform - This is when two tectonic plates slide past each other
• Magma - Molten rocks that are found beneath the Earth’s surface
• Crystallization -Occurs when magma cools and mineral grains start to form
• Aphanitic - Grains are too small to see
• Phaneritic - Grain are big enough to see
• Volcano - A vent that serves as the conduit of lava or the molten rocks that reach Earth’s surface
• Intrusive - What type of igneous rock forms when magma cools slowly
• Extrusive - What type of igneous rocks form when lava cools fastly