ETHICS

• Moral Standards


  They are norms (general rules about our actions or behaviors) that individuals or groups have about the kinds of actions believed to be morally right or wrong, as well as the values (enduring beliefs or statements about what is good and desirable or not) placed on what we believed to be morally good or morally bad.term-7
• Norms


  General rules about our actions or behaviors that individuals or groups have about the kinds of actions believed to be morally right or wrong.
• Values


  Enduring beliefs or statements about what is good and desirable or not placed on what we believed to be morally good or morally bad.
• Norms


  Norms or Values:

  
  

  Obligation to fulfill our promises; killing innocent people is absolutely wrong.
• Values


  Norms or Values

  
  

  Helping the poor is good; cheating during exams is bad.
• Moral Standards


  Normally promote "the good", that is, the welfare and well-being of humans as well as animals and the environment.
• Moral Standards


  Prescribe what humans ought to do in terms of rights and obligations and;

  
  

  Are the sum of combined norms and values.
• 1. Moral standards deal with matters we think can seriously injure or benefit humans, animals, and the environment, such as child abuse, rape, and murder.

  
  

  2. Moral standards are not established or changed by the decisions of authoritative individuals or bodies.

  
  

  3. Moral standards are overriding, that is, they take precedence over other standards and considerations, especially of self-interest.

  
  

  4. Moral standards are based on impartial considerations, thus, they are fair and just.

  
  

  5. Moral standards are associated with special emotions (such as guilt and shame) and vocabulary (such as right, wrong, good, and bad).

  Characteristics of Moral Standards
• Non-Moral Standards


  They are standards by which we judge what is good or bad and right or wrong in a non-moral way, and matters of taste and preference.
• Non-Moral Standards


  A scrupulous observance of the said standards does not actually make one a moral person and violation of such standards does not pose any threat to human well-being.
• Examples of Non-Moral Standards


  - Standards of etiquette

  - Standards of law

  - Standards of aesthetics.
• We can identify fundamental ethical values that may guide our actions


  By understanding the difference between Moral Standards and Non-Moral Standards:
• By understanding the difference between Moral Standards and Non-Moral Standards


  How to address Cultural Conundrum?
• Moral Standards


  May have the right to FORCE others to act accordingly
• Non-Moral Standards


  NO RIGHT to impose on others
• Dilemma


  This refers to a situation where a person is forced to choose between two or more conflicting options, neither of which is acceptable.
• Dilemma


  o This implies that the person has choices to make that will all have results she does not want.

  
  

  o It must be noted, however, that if the agent is in a difficult situation but is not forced to choose two or more options, then she is not in a __________.

  
  

  o When _________ involve human actions with moral implications, they are called ethical or moral dilemmas.
• Moral Dilemma


  It is a situation where moral agents are forced to choose between two or more conflicting options, neither of which resolves the situation in a morally acceptable manner.
• 1. The agent of a moral action is obliged to make a decision about which course of action is best. She must choose the best option and act accordingly.

  
  

  2. There must be different courses of action to choose from.

  
  

  3. No matter what course of action is taken, some moral principles are always compromised.


  Three conditions needed to be present in a situation to be considered as a moral dilemma.
• There is no perfect solution to the problem.


  In Moral Dilemma ________________________.
• Moral Dilemma


  "seems fated to commit something wrong which implies that she is bound to morally fail because in one way or another she will fail to do something which she ought to do."
• 1. Epistemic and Ontological Moral Dilemmas

  2. Self-Imposed and World-Imposed Dilemmas

  3. Obligation Dilemmas and Prohibition Dilemmas

  4. Single Agent and Multi-Person Dilemmas


  Types of Moral Dilemmas
• Epistemic Moral Dilemmas


  - There are two or more moral requirements that conflict with each other.

  
  

  - The moral agent hardly knows which one takes precedence over the other.

  
  

  - One option must be better than the other.

  
  

  - It needs fuller knowledge of the situation, thus the term "________________".
• Ontological Moral Dilemmas


  - There are two or more moral requirements that conflict with each other, yet neither of these conflicting moral requirements overrides each other.

  
  

  - Neither of the moral requirements is stronger than the other; hence, the moral agent can hardly choose between the conflicting moral requirements.
• Self-Imposed Moral Dilemmas


  - Is caused by the moral agent's wrongdoings.
• World-Imposed Moral Dilemmas


  - Certain events in the world place the moral agent in a situation of moral conflict.
• Obligation Moral Dilemmas


  - More than one feasible action is obligatory.
• Prohibition Moral Dilemmas


  - All feasible actions are forbidden.
• Single Agent Moral Dilemmas


  - The agent "ought, all thing considered, to do A, ought, all things considered, to do B, and she cannot do both A and B".
• Multi-Person Moral Dilemmas


  - One agent, P1, ought to do A, a second agent, P2, ought to do B, and though each agent can do what he ought to do, it is not possible both for P1 to do A and P2 to do B.

  
  

  - Requires more than choosing what is right; it also entails that the persons involved reached a general consensus.
• Culture


  "A description of a particular way of life, which expresses certain meanings and values not only in art and learning but also in institutions and ordinary behavior." (Raymond Williams, The Analysis of Culture)

  
  

  "the way of life, especially the general customs and beliefs, of a particular group of people at a particular time." (Cambridge English Dictionary)
• Colere


  In its etymological definition, culture comes from the Latin verb?
• To cultivate, To inhabit, To honor.


  Colere means?
• Symbols

  Heroes

  Rituals

  Values


  Manifestations of Culture
• Symbols


  - Are words, gestures, pictures, or objects that carry a particular meaning which is only recognized by those who share a particular culture.

  
  

  - New _______ easily develop, old ones disappear.

  
  

  ________ from one particular group are regularly copied by others.

  
  

  This is why _________ represent the outermost layer of a culture.
• Heroes


  - Are persons, past or present, real or fictitious, who possess characteristics that are highly prized in a culture.

  
  

  - They also serve as models for behavior.
• Rituals


  - Are collective activities, sometimes superfluous in reaching desired objectives, but are considered as socially essential.

  
  

  - They are therefore carried out most of the times for their own sake (ways of greetings, paying respect to others, religious and social ceremonies, etc.).
• Values


  - Are broad tendencies for preferences of certain state of affairs to others (good-evil, right-wrong, natural-unnatural).

  
  

  - Can only be inferred from the way people act under different circumstances.
• Symbols, Heroes, Rituals


  Are the tangible or visual aspects of the practices of a culture.
• Intangible


  The true cultural meaning of the practices is __________; this is revealed only when the practices are interpreted by the insiders.