21st Century

• Doppelganger


  The duplicate or shadow of a character with the opposite personality of that character. This archetype adds further twist and interest in the story.
• Scapegoat


  A character that takes the blame for everything bad that happens. Also referred to as the sacrificial lamb in the story.
• Villain


  A character whose main function is to go to any extent to oppose the hero or whom the hero must annihilate in order to bring justice.
• Hero


  A character whose main function is to save the day, is admired by those who appreciate selflessness, sacrifices, strength, and courage above all others.
• Rebel


  A character that revolts against acceptable society. They are unconventional, often goes against the norm for their own reasons.
• Mentor


  Character's main role is to protect the protagonist. They provide advice and training to the protagonist and work to help them succeed.
• Orphan


  A character that was abandoned or lost their parents - the subject of trauma, abandonment, or neglect. Typically positioned as an outsider, forced to grow up quickly to take care of themselves.
• Caregiver


  A character that is nurturing and plays a "mothering" role to other characters, with empathy as their best weapon.
• Creator


  An artistic or creative character that builds or makes culture, art, inventions etc. The character who usually gives ideas and visions.
• Sage


  The truth seeker, acquirer or knowledge. A character that thrives on learning. Usually, a sage helps other characters to understand and guide them throughout the story.
• Ruler


  A character that is in power, they keep order at any cost. Desire control and power. Confident and responsible, the ruler tends to lead and prevent chaos from ensuing.
• Antihero


  Someone who lacks qualities portrayed in a traditional hero, like morality and courage, and often embodies behaviors you'd expect in a villain. An antihero typically exhibits one of the "Dark Triad" traits, which include narcissism, psychopathy, and Machiavellianism.
• Literary elements and genres in literature

  • Characters
  • Setting
  • Plot
  • Perspective
  • Themes
  • Conflict
• Literary genres

  • Poetry
  • Drama
  • Prose
  • Fiction
  • Non-Fiction
• Poetry


  Writing that follows meter and rhythm for every line, organized into schemes like stanzas, meter, and/or rhyme
• Drama


  Literature meant to be performed in front of an audience
• Prose


  Complete sentences organized into paragraphs, focused on telling a story with characters and a plot
• Fiction


  Writing that is not real
• Non-Fiction


  Factual stories based on real people and true events
• Poem: "Padre Faura Witness the Execution of Rizal"


  • Poem: "Earnest Wish"
• Flashback is an interruption in narrative that depicts events that have already occurred is used to give the reader more background information
• Foreshadowing is when an author indirectly hints at what's to come later in the story, often to introduce tension
• Imagery is when an author describes a scene, thing, or idea to appeal to the senses and help the reader visualize
• Mood is the general feeling the writer wants the audience to have, achieved through description, setting, dialogue, and word choice
• Alliteration is a series of words or phrases that all (or most) start with the same sound, typically consonants
• Assonance is the repetition of vowel sounds between different consonant sounds
• Consonance is the repetition of ending consonant sounds, or consonant sounds within words, often to create a rhyme or cadence
• Allusion is an indirect reference to a figure, place, event, or idea from outside the text
• Simile is a comparison using "as" or "like"
• Metaphor is a direct comparison of one thing to another
• Hyperbole is an exaggerated statement not meant to be taken literally
• Personification gives human-like qualities to animals or objects
• Apostrophe is when a writer speaks directly to someone not present or an inanimate object
• Onomatopoeia is a word that represents a sound
• Irony is a statement used to express the opposite meaning of what is literally said
• Oxymoron is when two opposite ideas are put together for a contrasting effect
• Rhetorical question is asked for effect or emphasis, not expecting a real answer
• Symbolism is the use of symbols to signify ideas and qualities beyond their literal sense
• Text and Context


  Context is the circumstances that form the setting of events, statements, or ideas, allowing them to be fully understood and assessed
• Types of context

  • Writer's context
  • Reader's context
  • Text's context
  • Social and socio-cultural context