Math

• Statistics


  The science of collecting, organizing, interpreting, and analyzing data
• Statistics is very important because it has many applications in society
• Uses of statistics


  • Aids in decision making
  • Allows comparison of quantities
  • Provides estimation of unknown quantities
  • Gives explanation to actions that has taken place
• Data


  Units of information, often numeric, recorded and used for the purpose of analysis
• How statistics can solve problems

  1. Consider the situation

  2. Collect relevant data

  3. Analyze the data

  4. Interpret the results
• Functions


  Uses of Statistics
• Statistics


  • Helps in providing a better understanding and exact description of a phenomenon of nature
  • Helps in proper and efficient planning of a statistical inquiry in any field of stidy
  • Helps in collecting appropriate quantitative data shot oi shaya
  • Helps in presenting complex data in a suitable tabular and graphic form for an and clear comprehension of the data
  • Helps in driving valid inferences; along with a measure of their reliability about the pepulation parameters from the cample data
• Statistical Instrument


  A tool that researchers use to collect needed data. Example of instruments are survey questionnaires
• This is a tool that researchers use to collect needed data. Example of instruments are curvey questionnaires.
• Introduction


  This gives the respondent the SURVEY TOPIC for what the survey is all about) and what to do with the survey
• Profile of Respondent


  This Part 1. of the survey asks the respondent certain important personal details. Some of which can be optional, that is the respondent is allowed not to give that particular information such as Name.
• Questions to answer-


  This Part lI. is the list of question items which can be open-ended questions like no 1 and 2 or with check boxes like no. 3
• What is Frequency?
• Frequency


  In mathematics, frequency denoted as "f", may be defined as the number of times data value occurs.
• Frequency Distribution


  • After the data collection process, one method of organizing and presenting data is through frequency distribution
  • A frequency distribution table is a table that lists numerical data that have been grouped in intervals and the frequency of occurrence of the data
• Related Terms


  • Grouped data - a set of data that has been organized into groups or intervals. Instead of listing individual data points, the data is grouped into stages or categories to simplify analysis and interpretation
  • Tally - a way of recording data in groups of five
  • Range - the difference between the highest score and the lowest score. That is, Range = H-L
  • Class Interval (i) - the numerical width of any particular class in a distribution
• How to construct Frequency Distribution of Grouped Data?

  1. Find H- highest score and L - lowest store

  2. Determine the number of classes K

  3. Compute the class size C by dividing the range R by the desired number classes of K

  4. Choose the lower-class limit of the first class. Make sure that the smallest observation will belong in the first class
• What is Quantitative Data?
• Quantitative Data


  The data are represented numerically including anything that can be counted measured.or given a numerical rake
• Single-Value Grouping


  The most appropriate way to group quantitative data is to use classes in which each class represents a single possible value. Such classes are called single-value classes, and this method of group quantitative data is called single value grouping
• Limit Grouping


  A second way to group quantitative data is to use Limiting Grouping. Each class consists of a range of values. The smallest value that could go into class is called the lower limit of the class, and the largest value that could go into the class is called the upper limit of the class
• Important terms used in Limit Grouping

  • Class Interval - the range of values that belong in the class or category
  • Class frequency - the number of observations that belong in a class interval
  • Class limits are the end numbers used to define the class interval
  • Lower class limit - the smallest value that could go in a class interval
  • Upper-class limit - the largest value that could go in a class interval
  • Class size width - the size of the class interval
• What is Mean?
• Mean


  (Or average) The most useful among the measures of central tendency. The mean is affected by extreme values
• How to compute the mean?


  Add all the scores in a set of data and divide by the total number of values
• What is the Median?
• Median


  The middlemost value in the data. The median is not affected by extreme values
• Mode


  The most frequently occuring value in a set of data. There are some instances where the data has no mode
• Types of Modes


  • Unimodal - Single mode
  • Bimodal - Two modes
  • Trimodal - Three modes
  • Multimodal - Four ar more modes