B1 Biological molecules

• In the tertiary structure of a protein there are 4 types of bonds: hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, disulphide bridges and hydrophobic interactions
• triglycerides are made of 3 fatty acids and a glycerol molecule
• the two types of protein secondary structures are alpha helix and beta pleated sheet
• starch and glycogen are made up of alpha glucose. Whereas cellulose is made up of beta glucose.
• glycogen is highly branched
• sucrose is a disaccharide made of glucose and fructose
• A polymer is a large molecule made up of many repeating monomers joined together.
• proteins are made up of amino acids, which are linked together by peptide bonds.
• lipids are made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms and are used for energy storage and insulation.
• the protein teriary structure is the 3D structure of a protein that is formed by the interactions between the amino acids
• the protein quaternary structure is made up of multiple polypeptide chains. They sometimes have other groups called prosthetic groups attached to them. An example is haemoglobin
• the three monosaccharides are called glucose, fructose and galactose
• cellulose is found in plant cell walls and provides strength and support.
• starch is found in plants and is stored as grains or tubers. It is broken down into maltose during digestion
• polysaccharides are long chains of monosaccharides held together with glycosidic bonds
• glycogen is found in animals and is stored in liver cells and muscle cells. It is broken down into glucose during digestion
• fats are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents like ether
• amylase breaks starch down into maltose
• maltase breaks maltose down into two glucose molecules
• lipase breaks triglycerides down to fatty acids and glycerol