Unit 6

• Sculpture


  A visual three-dimensional art
• Examples of prehistoric sculpture


  • Menhirs (free-standing megalith found along the coastline of Africa and Europe)
• Free-standing sculpture


  • A three-dimensional figure or a kind of sculpture in the round, which is monumental
• Relief sculpture


  • Sculpture characterized as embossed in which images are set on a flat background and carvings can be considered as examples
• Kinetic and mobile sculpture


  • Moving three-dimensional figures, the best example of which are those that are suspended on air to move like goodluck signs we hang by the door
• Coelenaglyphic sculpture


  • A combination of intaglio (incised) and cameo (relief) technique
• Early Philippine sculpture before the coming of the Spaniards had a striking similarity with the early Egyptian sculpture characterized by frontal nudity
• The "bulol" is a wooden sculpture in human form to assure bountiful harvests for the Ifugao natives
• The original function of sculpture was religious especially in relation to ceremonies and beliefs
• The carvings brought to the Philippines by early Arab and Russian missionaries were of beveled type as the slanting type called Okkil
• The first Muslim mosque was built in Sulu, where Islamic art is prominent
• The sculptures of deities and saints were made as tools in teaching Filipino natives about the Christian doctrines
• The art of carving in the Philippines focuses on woodcarving and folk non-clay sculptures
• Indigenous woodcarving is one of the most notable traditional arts in the Philippines, with some crafts in various ethnic groups dating back prior to Hispanic arrival
• The art of okir on wood is another fine craft attributed to various ethnic groups in Mindanao and the Sulu archipelago
• Religious Hispanic woodcarvings abounded in the Philippines with the introduction of Christianity, infusing both indigenous and Hispanic styles
• Paete, Laguna is among the most famous woodcarving places in the country, especially on religious Hispanic woodcarving
• Stone carving is a prized art form in the Philippines, even prior to the arrival of Western colonizers, as seen in the stone likha and larauan or tao-tao crafts of the natives
• Ivory carving is an art practiced in the Philippines for more than a thousand years, with the oldest known ivory artifact being the Butuan Ivory Seal, dated 9th–12th century
• The religious carvings of ivory, or garing as locally known, became widespread after the direct importation of ivory into the Philippines from mainland Asia
• In 2013, the Philippines became the first country in the world to destroy its ivory stock, to show solidarity against the ivory trade
• Elements of 3-D DesignSpacE
• Principles of 3-D Design

  • Harmony
  • Contrast/Variety
  • Rhythm/Repetition
  • Emphasis
  • Continuity
  • Balance (Symmetrical, Asymmetrical)
• Space


  • distance
  • area
  • volume
• Physical space


  Independent of what occupies it
• Line


  The edge or outline of a form, the meeting of planes
• Linear materials


  • wire
  • wood
  • metal rod
  • string
  • any materials with a long thin shape
• Plane


  A flat or level surface
• Planar materials


  • foam core
  • cardboard
  • sheet metal
  • plastic sheets
  • plywood
• Mass/Volume


  • Closed, independent, three dimensional form
  • Interpenetrable, completely surrounded by space
• Volumetric materials


  • blocks of plaster
  • wood
  • stone
• Positive shape


  The totality of the mass lying between its contours
• Negative space


  Empty space defined by positive shape
• Value


  • Light and shadows on the surface of forms
  • Quantity of light actually reflected by an object's surface
• Value changes might be affected by the addition of color to the surface of a work
• Texture


  The surface quality of a form
• Texture examples


  • rough
  • smooth
  • weathered
• Color


  In 3D design, the actual color of the material being used
• Harmony


  Resolution of forces in opposition. Everything is working in harmony.
• Contrast/Variety


  Different qualities or characteristics in a form; interest generated in a work by using a variety of shapes, forms, textures and so on.