CM5131 Reaction

• Reduction of alkenes to alkanes

  Ni catalyst + Heat

  Pd/Pt catalyst + rtp
• Free radical substitution of alkanes

  X2, UV light/heat
• Elimination of halogenoalkanes to form alkenes

  Ethanol, heat
• Elimination of alcohols to form alkenes

  Excess conc. sulfuric acid, heat
• Electrophilic addition of HX to alkene

  rtp
• Electrophilic addition of water to alkene

  Cold conc. sulfuric acid, followed by water + heat
• Electrophilic addition of X2 to alkene (disubstituted product)

  CCl4 solvent
• Electrophilic addition of X2 to alkene (halohydrin)

  water solvent
• Oxidation of alkenes

  Cold alkaline KMnO4
• Oxidation of alkenes

  O3, followed by Zn and H2O
• Oxidation of alkenes

  Hot acidified KMnO4
• Electrophilic substitution of arenes with X2

  AlX3 or FeX3 or Al or Fe, rtp
• Electrophilic substitution of arenes with RX

  AlX3 or FeX3, rtp
• Electrophilic substitution of arenes with HNO3

  conc HNO3, conc H2SO4, heat
• Side chain oxidation of benzene

  Hot acidified KMnO4
• Nucleophilic substitution of alcohol by HX

  Heat, ZnCl2 catalyst for HCl
• Nucleophilic substitution of alcohol by SOCl2

  rtp
• Nucleophilic substitution of alcohol by PX3

  rtp
• Nucleophilic substitution of alcohol by PCl5

  rtp
• Nucleophilic substitution of alkyl halide with bases

  Heat, water solvent
• Nucleophilic substitution of alkyl halide with NaCN

  ethanol, heat
• Nucleophilic substitution of alkyl halide with NH3

  excess conc. NH3, ethanol solvent, heat in sealed tube
• Nucleophilic substitution of alkyl halide with ROH

  Na(s) at rtp, then heat
• Reduction of ketone to alcohol

  LiAlH4 in dry ether
• Reduction of aldehyde to alcohol

  LiAlH4 in dry ether
• Reduction of carboxylic acid to alcohol

  LiAlH4 in dry ether
• Nucleophilic (acyl) substitution of alcohol and acyl chloride

  rtp
• Nucleophilic (acyl) substitution of alcohol and carboxylic acid

  conc. H2SO4, heat
• Oxidation of primary alcohol to aldehyde

  Potassium dichromate in H2SO4, distil
• Oxidation of primary alcohol to carboxylic acid

  Potassium dichromate in H2SO4, reflux OR

  Hot acidified KMnO4
• Oxidation of secondary alcohol to ketone

  Potassium dichromate in H2SO4, heat OR

  Hot acidified KMnO4
• Iodoform test (secondary alcohol, ketone with one methyl group, ethanal)

  I2 in NaOH, warm (less than 70 degrees)
• Electrophilic substitution of phenol with X2

  CCl4 solvent
• Electrophilic substitution of phenol with 3X2

  water solvent
• Electrophilic substitution of phenol with HNO3

  Dilute HNO3: Monosubstituted product

  Conc. HNO3: Trisubstituted product
• Nucleophilic addition of CN- to aldehyde

  trace NaOH, rtp
• Reduction of aldehydes and ketones

  LiAlH4 in dry ether

  NaBH4 in water
• RCN to RCOOH

  H2SO4 or HCl, heat
• RCN to RCOO-

  NaOH or KOH, heat
• Nucleophilic (acyl) substitution of COOH with SOCl2

  rtp