Early Childhood

• fidelity - incapacity to take chances with one’s identity by sharing true intimacy
• Generativity is defined as a new products and new ideas. It is concerned with establishing  and guiding the next generation
• • Stagnation happens when people become too absorbed in themselves and become too self-indulgent.
• Integrity - feeling of wholeness and coherence
• Despair “to be without hope”
• A boy may wake up to find a wet spot or a

  hardened, dried spot on the sheets—the result

  of a nocturnal emission, an involuntary

  ejaculation of semen (commonly referred to as

  a wet dream).
• ➢ SECULAR TREND

  • a trend that spans several generations.
• Increased levels of leptin may signal the

  pituitary and sex glands to increase their

  secretion of hormones
• INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE

  • infliction of physical, sexual, or psychological

  harm by a current or former partner or spouse.
• Identity Process Theory by Susan Krauss Whitbourne

  • physical characteristics, cognitive abilities, and personality traits are incorporated into identity schemas. These self-perceptions are continually confirmed revised in response to incoming information
• IDENTITY SCHEMAS

  • Accumulated perceptions of the self
• IDENTITY ASSIMILATION

  • Whitbourne's term for effort to fit new experience into an existing self-concept
• IDENTITY ACCOMMODATION

  • Whitbourne for adjusting the self- concept to fit

  new experience.
• IDENTITY BALANCE

  • Whitbourne's balance assimilation and tendency to accommodation.
• PRIMARY AGING

  • a gradual, inevitable process of bodily deterioration that begins early in life and continues through the years irrespective of what people do to stave it off. In this view, aging is an unavoidable consequence of getting older.
• SECONDARY AGING

  • results from disease, abuse, and disuse-factors that are often within a person's control
• These two philosophies of aging can be likened to the familiar nature- nurture debate. Primary aging is a nature process governed by biology. Secondary aging is the result of nurture, the environmental insults that accrue over the course of a lifetime. As always, the truth lies somewhere in between and both factors matter.
• According to Paul Baltes and his colleagues, successful aging involves strategies that enable people to adapt to the changing balance of growth and decline throughout life.
• • In childhood, resources are primarily used for growth, and in early adulthood resources are used to maximize reproductive fitness.

  • In old age, resources are increasingly directed toward the maintenance of health and the management of loss (Baltes & Smith, 2004; Jopp & Smith, 2006).
• Older adults allocate these resources via a

  process called selective optimization with compensation (SOC). This involves developing abilities that allow for maximum gain, as well as developing abilities that compensate for decline and could lead to loss.
• According to SOC, older adults conserve their resources by:

  • SELECTING fewer and more meaningful activities or goals.

  • OPTIMIZING, or making the most of, the resources they have to achieve their goals.

  • COMPENSATING for losses by using resources in alternative ways to achieve their goals.
• FLUID INTELLIGENCE

  • the ability to solve novel problems on the fly. Such problems require little or no previous knowledge, such as realizing that a hanger can be used to fix a leaky toilet or discovering the pattern in a sequence of figures. It involves perceiving relations, forming concepts, and drawing inferences.
• FLUID INTELLIGENCE

  Type of intelligence, proposed by Horn and Cattell, that is applied to novel problems and is relatively independent of educational and cultural influences.
• • According to DISENGAGEMENT THEORY, normal part of aging involves a gradual reduction in social involvement and greater preoccupation with the self.
• According to ACTIVITY THEORY, the more active older people remain, the better they age
• KÜBLER-ROSS’ STAGES OF GRIEF

  This process of grief work, the working out of psychological issues connected with grief, often takes the following path
• SHOCK AND DISBELIEF

  • Immediately following a death, survivors often feel lost and confused. As awareness of the loss sinks in, the initial numbness gives way to overwhelming feelings of sadness and frequent crying. This first stage may last several weeks, especially after a sudden or unexpected death.
• PREOCCUPATION WITH THE MEMORY OF THE DEAD PERSON

  • In the second stage, which may last 6 months to 2 years or so, the survivor tries to come to terms with the death but cannot yet accept it. These experiences diminish with time, though they may recur—perhaps for years.
• RESOLUTION

  • The final stage has arrived when the bereaved person renews interest in everyday activities. Memories of the dead person bring fond feelings mingled with sadness rather than sharp pain and longing.