UCSP

• Kinship


  Blood relationship, but can also be made through marriage, adoption, and religious rituals
• Types of Kinship


  • Consanguineal Kinship
  • Agnatal Kinship
  • Fictive Kinship
• Consanguineal Kinship


  • Kin by blood; traced through learning his/her descent
  • Bilateral descent - one can trace descent through paternal and maternal ancestors
  • Unilateral descent - only one lineage is traceable (patrilineal, matrilineal, ambilineal)
• Agnatal Kinship


  • Bond between a husband and wife according to sociologists; caused by marriage
  • May also pertain to the relationship between families of husband and wife
  • Endogamy and Exogamy
  • Monogamy and Polygamy
  • Divorce, Annulment, and Legal Separation
• Fictive Kinship


  Personal kinship that is based on neither consanguineal nor agnatal ties; can occur in adoption or religious ritual such as baptism
• Family


  • First group and network that an individual acquires in his/her lifetime
  • Set of people connected by blood, marriage, or adoption
• Major functions of family

  • Provide a place to rear children
  • Provide a sense of belonging among its members
  • Create identity of an individual
  • Transmit culture to next generations
• Types of Family


  • Nuclear family
  • Extended family
  • Reconstituted family
• Nuclear family


  • One family nucleus lives in a residence
  • Isolated nuclear families are nuclear families that live in a different residence from relatives while still maintaining contact with them
• Extended family


  • Composed of two or more blood-related family nuclei
  • Matrifocal structure - involves women like female grandparent, parent, or children
  • Patrifocal structure - focuses on male family members
  • Vertically extended family - consists of three generations
  • Horizontally extended family - consists of multiple family nuclei belonging to the same parents
• Reconstituted family


  • Separated couples with children who remarry
  • Also known as blended family, constitution of two adults who have children from previous relationships
• Household


  Used by census bureaus to refer to the set of individuals, related or unrelated by blood, who share a common residence
• Political Groups


  • Bands
  • Tribes
  • Chiefdoms
  • State
• Bands


  • Small groups of self-sufficient hunters; more or less 100 persons (associated by kinship)
  • No social or economic distinction among families
  • Leader/Government: a man who has special skills and knowledge, use informal bases in wielding power, cannot force other people to obey them and decision is subject to the majority's approval
  • Egalitarianism
  • Foraging
  • Band fissioning
  • Social velocity
• Tribes


  • Like bands but possess social, legal, political, moral, and religious beliefs
  • Social closeness of members allows the economy to work; individual may have different social roles
  • Leader/Government: mostly elders; bond and unity among members is very strong and coherent
  • Economic equilibrium
  • Pantribal solidarity/non-kin association
• Chiefdoms


  • Composed of different tribes and villages (alliance)
  • More defined political organization
  • Leader/Government: one political leader or chief, has political power to rule over the population and makes the decisions for the society, hereditary or based on ascription, has a moral obligation to care for his people, serves as mediator, and protects the territory
• State


  • A large community of people occupying a definite territory, has a government and political independence
  • Has territory, government, people, and sovereignty
  • Leader/Government: has centralized government (enforces law, collects taxes, etc.), most formal and complex form of political organization
  • Citizens - inhabitant or people who comprise a state
  • Sovereignty - authority of state to govern itself or another state
• Types of Authority


  • Charismatic authority
  • Traditional authority
  • Legal-Rational authority
• Charismatic authority


  • Charisma or personality of individual (ability to attract attention)
  • Exceptional or supernatural qualities
  • Citizens follow out of fear or blindly
  • Some have no political experiences
• Traditional authority


  • Constant reference from customs, traditions, and conventions
  • Own style or technique of leadership
  • May be shaky if traditions are questioned by new ideas or systems
  • Domination and established beliefs
• Legal-Rational authority


  • Based from well-defined laws
  • Decision of leader rest on the legal code
  • Bureaucratic organizations (bearer of order, system, and institutionalism)
• Bureaucracy


  Formal organization in which written rules are the bases of actions and decisions
• Five Major Qualities of Bureaucracy

  • Division of labor
  • Hierarchy of authority
  • Written rules and regulations
  • Impersonality and formality
  • Meritocracy
• Non-state Institutions


  Participate in international relations without needing to belong to an established institution or state
• Development Agencies


  • United Nations
  • United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
  • United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)
  • United Nations Children's Fund
• United Nations


  • Established in 1945 to rebuild peace after World War II
  • Has built a more peaceful world by setting goals for humanity (Sustainable Development Goals or SDGs)
  • Takes action on issues confronting humanity
• UNESCO


  • Specialized agency of UN for the purpose of promoting peace and security through international partnership in education, science, and culture
  • Major programs are: education, natural sciences, social and human sciences, culture, communication and information
• UNDP


  • Development agency that aims to eradicate poverty and to reduce inequalities and social exclusion in the developing countries
  • Help countries to craft and develop policies, leadership skills, networking and collaborative abilities, and such
• UNICEF


  • Intergovernmental organization that provides humanitarian and developmental assistance and support to young people in developing and least developed countries
  • Provide emergency needs like food and healthcare to children who were drastically affected by the World War II
• Banks and Corporations


  • Bank
  • International Monetary Fund
  • World Bank
  • World Trade Organization
  • China's Alternative: Asia Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB)
• Bank


  • Financial intermediary that creates credit by lending money to the borrower
  • Interest is the amount paid by banks to the depositors and the income they receive from its debtors
• International Monetary Fund

  • Association of 190 countries
  • Aims to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty around the world
• World Bank


  • Facilitator of post-war reconstruction
  • Today, it advocates the development of worldwide poverty alleviation, in coordination with other affiliate groups
• World Bank Affiliates

  • International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)
  • International Development Association (IDA)
  • International Finance Corporation (IFC)
  • Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA)
  • International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID)
• World Trade Organization

  • Deals with rules of trade among nations
  • Aims to lower tariffs and for non-tariff barriers to increase international trade
  • Promote free trade
• In 2015, China announced its intention to create a bank that would be an alternative to the World Bank
• Affiliate groups

  • International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)
  • International Development Association (IDA)
  • International Finance Corporation (IFC)
  • Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA)
  • International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID)
• International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)

  Lends to governments of middle-income and low-income countries
• International Development Association (IDA)

  Provides interest-free loans and grants to governments of the poorest countries
• International Finance Corporation (IFC)

  Focused exclusively on private sector and helps developing countries achieve sustainable growth