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• What is Phlebotomy?

  Drawing blood through surgical Puncture
• Phlebotomy is Performed for:

  Transfusions

  Diagnostic Testing

  Experimental Procedure

  Medication
• Barbers

  Historically, performs bloodletting as therapeutic measure believing that it will cure diseases and almost all ailments
• Barbers also performs:

  Teeth Extraction

  Bone Setting

  Treating Wounds
• Venesection


  Using sharp lancet-type instrument to pierce the vein and made them bleed
• Cupping


  Involves the usage of hot suction tools to the skin to draw blood
• Leeching

  Also Known as Hirudo Theraphy

  Involves using leeches to the spot needing bloodletting using milk or blood on patients skin
• George Washington caused of death

  Severe throat infection that lead to loss of almost 9 pints of blood
• When did George Washington died?

  December 14, 1799
• Modern Day Phlebotomy Techniques

  Venipuncture and Capillary Puncture
• Centralized Phlebotomy

  • blood collection services are typically performed in a central location, such as a hospital laboratory or a dedicated phlebotomy center.
  • Patients visit this central location specifically for blood collection, regardless of where they receive their medical care.
• Decentralized


  involves blood collection services being performed in various locations, such as outpatient clinics, medical offices, or even patients' homes.

  • blood collection may be integrated into routine medical visits or performed by mobile phlebotomy teams dispatched to different locations.
• Hybrid

  • A blend of centralized and decentralized phlebotomy
  • Typically sends laboratory-based phlebotomists to the nursing units during the early morning collections and then keeps a limited number of phlebotomists available the rest of the day to help patient care technicians with difficult collections.
  • Mostly done in the hospitals today.
• Professional Traits of Phlebotomist

  • Dependable, Cooperative, Committed
  • Compassionate, Courteous, Respectful
  • Honesty, Integrity, Competence
  • Organized, Responsible, Flexible
• • Clothing and lab coats must be clean and unwrinkled.
• • Clothing worn under the laboratory coat should be conservative and meet institutional requirements. 
• Shoes must be clean, polished, closed toed, and skid-proof.
• • Perfume and cologne are usually not recommended or must be kept to a minimum. 
• • Hair, including facial hair must be clean, neat, and trimmed.
• • Personal hygiene is extremely important because of close patient contact;
• Anatomical


  responsible for the analysis of surgical specimens, frozen sections,biopsies, cytological specimens, and autopsies.
• Clinical


  responsible for the analysis of blood, bone marrow, microbiology samples, urine, and other body fluids
• Cytology


  Process and examine tissue and body fluids for the presence of  abnormal cells, such as cancer cells. Papanicolau smear is one of the most common tests
• Histology


  process and stain tissues obtained from biopsies, surgery, autopsies, and frozen sections. Pathologist then examines the tissue.
• Cytogenetics 


  the section in which chromosome studies are performed to detect genetic disorders.
• Right atrioventricular valve (tricuspid valve)

  • Location - Between the right atrium and right ventricle
  • Function - Closes when the right ventricle contracts and prevents blood from flowing back into the right atrium
• • Left AV valve (bicuspid or mitral valve)
  • Location - Between the left atrium and left ventricle
  • Function - Closes when the left  ventricle contracts and prevents blood from flowing back into the left atrium
• • Right semilunar valve (pulmonary or pulmonic valve)
  • Location At the entrance to the pulmonary artery
  • Function - Closes when the right ventricle relaxes and prevents blood from flowing back into the right ventricle
• • Left semilunar valve (aortic valve)
  • Location - At the entrance to the aorta
  • Function - Closes when the left ventricle relaxes and prevents blood from flowing back into the left ventricle
• • Pericardium– sac enclosing the heart
  • Epicardium– outermost layer of the heart wall
  • Myocardium– muscle of the heart itself
  • Endocardium– lines the inner chambers of the heart
• • Angina pectoris – aka ischemic heart disease; chest pain caused by inadequate blood flow to the myocardium from the coronary arteries
• • Bacterial endocarditis – infection of the lining of the heart
• Congestive heart failure – impaired circulation due to inadequate pumping of a diseased heart resulting in edema in the lungs or other tissues
• • Myocardial infarction – heart attack or death of heart muscle due to obstruction of a coronary artery
• Systemic Circulation

  • Transports oxygenated blood and nutrients from the left ventricle of the heart to the body cells and then returning to the right atrium of the heart with blood carrying carbon dioxide and other waste products of metabolism from the cells.
• Pulmonary Circulation

  •  Transports deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs to remove carbon dioxide and pick up oxygen
  • After gas exchange, blood is carried back to left atrium of the heart
• • Tunica adventitia (outer connective tissue)
  •  Tunica media (middle, muscle and elastic fiber)
  •  Tunica intima (inner, endothelial cell)
• Lumen – space inside the blood vessel through which the blood flows
• Valves – found in veins; these are thin membranous leaflets that prevent the backflow of blood
• •  Aneurysm – localized dilation or bulging in the wall of a blood vessel (artery)