Biology test

• Glans


  • Head or tip of the penis
  • Opening of the urethra
  • "Very sensitive" and color varies
• Shaft


  • The main part of the penis
  • Looks like a tube
  • Extends from top to lower belly
• Function of shaft


  Essential for masturbation
• Foreskin


  • The skin COVERING the glans
  • Acts as a protection
  • Circumcision - for hygiene purposes
• Scrotum


  • Sac of the skin that hangs below the penis
  • Holds the testicles keeping them in the right temperature
• Frenulum


  • Looks like a small "V" below the head (glans)
  • The skin UNDERNEATH the glans
  • Room for masturbation or ejaculation, or during intercourse (to avoid friction)
• Myths: Nangangamatis – due to infection (warm water)
• Responsible for curating semen (produce semen)

  • Seminal Vesicle
  • Prostate Glands
• Seminal Vesicle


  2 small organs that produce semen
• Prostate Glands


  • The size of a walnut or gold ball
  • Found under the bladder
  • Function: makes fluid that helps semen to move (for lub – smooth passageway of semen during ejaculation)
• Cowper's Gland


  • Produce PRE-CUM
  • Prepares the urethra for ejaculation
  • "BULBOURETHRAL GLANDS"
  • To lubricate the pathway (pathway of semen — SEVEN UP)
  • Pre-cum — combination of fluid or may halong sperm (possible from prior ejaculation)
  • Can impregnate a female under some circumstances
• Cremaster


  The muscle that moves the scrotum and testicles closer to the body
• The responsibility of females for successful reproduction is greater than males
• Vulva and Vagina


  • Part of the genital on the outside of a woman's body
  • Vagina — one part of the vulva
• Vagina


  • Canal in female mammals that receives the male reproductive cells, or sperm, and is part of the birth canal during the birth process
  • In humans, it also functions as an excretory canal for the products of menstruation
• Ovulation


  • Two (2) weeks prior on the menstruation
  • The sudden surge of "luteinizing hormone (LH)," the follicle ruptures and discharges a secondary oocyte
  • Swept into the open end of the fallopian tubes and begins to move slowly
  • "You're missing egg or eggs"
  • Sign of Ovulating: discharge (clear-like fluid)
• Copulation


  The process of meeting of sperm & egg —> to the fallopian tubes (to be fertilized)—> zygote (fertilized egg) —> going down into the uterus —> proceed to implantation of the fertilized egg (embryo attached to uterine wall or endometrium)
• Ectopic Pregnancy


  Pregnancy occurs outside the uterus, the fertilized egg gets implanted in the fallopian tubes where this type of pregnancy is non-viable
• Cryptic Pregnancy


  Happens when a pregnant woman is unaware that she is pregnant and may only realize it in the last part of pregnancy or until she is about to go into labor
• Trans-Vaginal Ultrasound


  Using a wand-like ultrasound to examine the female reproductive system and what's going on inside
• Labia


  Folds of skin around the vaginal opening
• Types of Labia


  • Labia Majora (Outer Folds)
  • Labia Minora (Inner Folds)
• Clitoris


  • Located at the tops of the vulva
  • "Upper part of the vulva"
  • Made up of spongy tissues that become swollen when aroused
  • Function: for arousal
  • Round shape, clitoris hood – covering the clitoris
• Opening of the Urethra

  • Tiny hole where urine comes out
  • It does not have any role in the Female Reproductive System
  • Possible squirting – can occur during intercourse
• Vagina


  • Right below the urethral opening of the Female Reproductive System
  • It is where the monthly period comes out or the baby
• Anus


  • Opening to the rectum
  • Damage the sphincter mantle, hemorrhoids
• Mons Pubis


  • Fleshy mound above the vulva
  • Covered with pubic hair
• Cervix


  • Divides the vagina and uterus
  • Looks like a donut with a tiny hole in the middle
  • Pap Smear — a device used to open the cervix (to check if the fluid relates to cervical cancer)
  • Purpose: dilate open where the baby will come out from (during labor)
  • Normal Dilation: around 10cm
  • The penis cannot penetrate, possibly only until the tip of the cervix
• Uterus


  • The pear-shaped muscular organ is where the fetus grows during pregnancy
  • Very stretchy/expandable
  • Function: "where the fetus grows during pregnancy; where implantation occurs"
  • The condition of the uterus depends if natural or c-section delivery can proceed
• Fallopian Tubes


  • Two (2) Narrow tubes
  • Sperm travels through them to try to fertilize eggs
  • Function: "Carry eggs from the ovaries to the uterus"
• Fimbriae


  Tiny fingers that surround/hold the ovary
• Ovaries


  • Stores the eggs; produces hormones
  • Hormones, including estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone
  • These hormones control things like monthly periods and pregnancy
  • During puberty, ovaries start to release an egg each month
• Bartholin's Glands


  • Near the vaginal opening
  • Function: "Lubricates the vagina"
• Skene's Glands


  • Upper near the clitoris
  • Function: "Release fluid during female ejaculation"
• Hymen


  • Thin, fleshy tissue that stretches across part of the opening in the vagina
  • Ruptures, as it is like a curtain
  • Not all women have a hymen, some had been born without a hymen
• 1. Spot (Grafernberg Spot)


  • Located on the front of the belly button of the vagina
  • Swells when aroused (sensitive); 2nd most sensitive part of the female reproductive system
  • 2 inches from the vagina to G-spot
• • Sperm - can stay 3-5 days
  • Not erected penis - cannot impregnate naturally
  • Vagina - very acidic (should maintain its acidic environment – to fight bacteria)
• Zona Pellucida


  • Has a major role in pregnancy
  • Acrosome releases enzyme that dissolves zona – to penetrate the vagina
• Endocrine System


  • Composed of glands and cells that secrete hormones
  • Helps coordinate functions between cells
  • Critical for maintaining homeostasis
• Hormones


  • Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone (GnRH)
  • Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
  • Luteinizing Hormone
  • Estrogen
  • Progesterone
  • Prolactin
  • Oxytocin
  • Androgens
  • Human Chorionic Gonadotropin