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• Fundamental niche


  The range of conditions and resources a species can use to survive and reproduce under no interference by other species
• Realized niche


  The part of the fundamental niche where an organism occupies, often as a result of limiting factors present in its habitat
• Ways in which human activities may affect the stages of the water cycle

  1. Hydroelectricity

  2. Deforestation

  3. Water pollution
• Cutting down trees removes the major layers in the photosynthesis process
• Deforestation can disrupt the water cycle by decreasing precipitation, leading to changes in river flow and water volume
• Hydroelectricity changes the stored gravitational energy of water to turn it into electrical energy, which requires damming rivers and affects the function of the river upstream and downstream
• Damming rivers can result in less water being available to plants and animals, and the removal of trees can decrease the amount of transpiration in the environment, reducing the amount of water available
• Toxic agrochemicals can pollute surface water or seep into aquifers, contaminating groundwater
• Biotic potential


  The maximum reproductive capacity of an organism in their optimum environmental conditions
• Environmental resistance


  The sum of the environmental limiting factors, both biotic and abiotic, which together act to prevent the biotic potential of an organism from being realized
• Types of environmental resistance

  • Density dependence
  • Density independent factors
• Pollution of coastal waters, such as oil spills, can damage mangroves by coating their roots and limiting respiration
• Urban development, such as the establishment of hotels, can result in the destruction of mangrove ecosystems
• Human adaptation to environment

  Acclimatization to a wide range of temperature and humidity, facilitated by biological thermostat and feedback mechanisms
• Haiti's population is around 10.6 million, leading to increased reliance on the environment for agriculture, building homes, and other needs, resulting in deforestation and species loss