Respiratory System

• Respiration


  The process of supplying the body with O2 and removing CO2
• Respiration

  1. Pulmonary ventilation (breathing)

  2. External (pulmonary) respiration

  3. Internal (tissue) respiration
• Pulmonary ventilation

  The inhalation (inflow) and exhalation (outflow) of air and involves the exchange of air between the atmosphere and the pulmonary alveoli of the lungs
• External (pulmonary) respiration


  The exchange of gases between the pulmonary alveoli of the lungs and the blood in pulmonary capillaries across the respiratory membrane

  
• Internal (tissue) respiration


  The exchange of gases between blood in systemic capillaries and tissue cells
• Cellular respiration


  The metabolic reactions that consume O2 and give off CO2 during the production of ATP
• Respiratory system


  Consists of the nose, pharynx (throat), larynx (voice box), trachea (windpipe), bronchi, and lungs

  
• Parts of the respiratory system


  • Upper respiratory system (nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, and associated structures)
  • Lower respiratory system (larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs)

  
• Functional parts of the respiratory system

  • Conducting zone (nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and terminal bronchioles)
  • Respiratory zone (respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar saccules, and pulmonary alveoli)

  
• Otorhinolaryngology


  The branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the ears, nose, and throat (ENT)
• Nose

  A specialized organ at the entrance of the respiratory system that consists of a visible external portion (external nose) and an internal portion inside the skull called the nasal cavity (internal nose)

  
• External nose


  • Consists of a supporting framework of bone and hyaline cartilage covered with muscle and skin and lined by a mucous membrane
  • Frontal bone, nasal bones, and maxillae form the bony framework
  • Cartilaginous framework consists of nasal septal cartilage, lateral nasal cartilages, and alar cartilages

  
• Nostrils (external nares)


  Openings on the undersurface of the external nose that lead into cavities called the nasal vestibules

  
• Functions of the interior structures of the external nose

  • Warming, moistening, and filtering incoming air
  • Detecting olfactory stimuli
  • Modifying speech vibrations as they pass through the large, hollow resonating chambers
• Nasal cavity (internal nose)


  A large space in the anterior aspect of the skull that lies inferior to the nasal bone and superior to the oral cavity, lined with muscle and mucous membrane

  
• Nasal septum


  A vertical partition that divides the nasal cavity into right and left sides

  
• Choanae (internal nares)


  Openings that allow the nasal cavity to communicate with the pharynx

  
• Paranasal sinuses


  Cavities in certain cranial cavity and facial bones lined with mucous membrane that are continuous with the lining of the nasal cavity

  
• Nasal conchae


  Shelves formed by projections of the superior, middle, and inferior nasal conchae bones that extend out of each lateral wall of the nasal cavity

  
• Nasal meatuses


  Groovelike air passageways (superior, middle, and inferior) formed by the arrangement of the nasal conchae

  
• le nasal concha


  Part of the nose
• Middle nasal meatus


  Part of the nose
• Inferior nasal meatus


  Part of the nose
• Maxillary sinus


  Part of the nose
• Inferior nasal concha bone

  Part of the nose
• Hard palate


  Part of the nose
• Tongue


  Part of the nose
• Vomer


  Part of the nose
• Perpendicular plate of ethmoid

  Part of the nose
• Nasal septum


  Part of the nose
• Ethmoidal cells


  Part of the nose
• External nose


  • Root: Superior attachment of the nose to the frontal bone
  • Apex: Tip of nose
  • Bridge: Bony framework of nose formed by nasal bones
  • Nostril: External opening into nasal cavity

  
• The external nose has a cartilaginous framework and a bony framework
• Nasal meatuses


  Groovelike air passageways- the superior, middle, and inferior
• Mucous membrane


  Lines the nasal cavity and its shelves

  
• The arrangement of conchae and meatuses increases surface area in the internal nose and prevents dehydration by trapping water droplets during exhalation
• Tonsillectomy


  Surgical removal of the tonsils
• Tonsillitis


  Inflammation of the tonsils
• As inhaled air whirls around the conchae and meatuses, it is warmed by blood in the capillaries
• Mucus secreted by the goblet cells moistens the air and traps dust particles