T25

• Purpose of Transportation


  • 1. To overcome space, which is shaped by a variety of human and physical constraints.
  • 2. To transform the geographical attributes of freight, people, or information, from an origin to a destination
• Transportability


  The ease of movement of passengers, freight, or information
• The Importance of Transportation

  • HISTORICAL - Transport modes have played several different historical roles in the rise of civilizations
  • SOCIAL - Facilitates access to healthcare, welfare, and cultural or artistic event, thus performing a social service.
  • POLITICAL - Governments play a critical role in transport as sources of investment and as regulators.
  • ECONOMIC - Contributes to the value added of economic activities, facilitates economies of scale, influences land value and the geographic specialization of regions.
  • ENVIRONMENTAL - They include air and water quality, noise level and public health. Transport is a dominant factor in contemporary environmental issues.
• Transport Geography

  A sub-discipline of geography concerned about movements of freight, people, and information. Seeks to understand their spatial organization by linking spatial constraints and attributes with the origin, the destination, the extent, the nature and the purpose of movements
• 3 Basic Spatial Constraints of Terrestrial Space

  • Topography - The arrangement of natural and artificial physical features of an area
  • Hydrology - The location of ports is a dominant element in the structure of maritime networks. Where barriers exist, such as narrows, rapids or land breaks, water transport can only overcome these obstacles with heavy investments in canals or dredging
  • Climate - Its major components include temperature, wind and precipitation. Is also an influence over transportation networks by affecting construction and maintenance cost.
• Network

  A framework of routes within a system of locations, identified as nodes.
• Route

  A single link between two nodes that are part of a larger network that can refer to tangible routes such as roads and rails or less tangible routes such as air, and sea corridors.
• Point-to-point Network

  Connects directly to a set of locations without interrupting services.
• Hub-and-spoke Network

  Connects every location through single intermediary location called a hub
• 3 Distinct Methods of Human Transport

  • Self-propelled Modes - movement using our own muscle energy
  • Augmented Modes - using technology or tools to amplify our bodily effort
  • Fuelled Modes - using of modernized transportation especially motorized transport
• The Tourist Transport System: A Framework for Analysis

  Refers to a systematic way of breaking down and examining the various components, interactions, and dynamic of the tourist transport system
• Thomas Cook Continental Railway Timetable - first issue of the 1873 Thomas Cook Continental Railway Timetable to aid passengers travelling to and in Europe by rail. It is still published on a monthly basis today as the European Rail Timetable
• Group of tourists about to commence a sightseeing tour of Berlin in 1912
• Tourists can also focus on transport as the main focus of the experience as shown with this group of visitors queuing for up to 3 hrs for a 20minute ride on a San Francisco cable car.
• System Approach (Melntosh)

  It is a set of interrelated groups coordinated to form a unified whole and organized to accomplish a set of goals
• System Approach (Leiper)

  It is a system that can be defined as a set of elements or parts that are connect to each other by at least one distinguishing principle.
• Leiper's Tourism Elements

  • Tourist
  • Travel-Generating Region
  • Tourism Destination
  • Transit Routes
• Transport System

  A framework that embodies the entire tourist experience of travelling on a particular form of transport
• Reconceptualizing Transport and Tourism

  • Transport for tourism. Where it is a mean to an end, being very utilitarian, and the level of satisfaction is related to cost and speed of travel.
  • Transport as tourism. Where the transport mode is the containing context for travel such as a cruise and a basis for the tourist experience
• Transportation

  The intentional movement of humans, animals, and goods from one location to another.
• Tourism

  The act and process of spending time away from home pursuit of recreation or relaxation
• Main Transport Modes

  • Car and Motor Traveling - Car rental, self-driven tours, motorhome rental, motorcycle tours, adventure tours
  • Coach Traveling - Group tours, sightseeing tours, excursion tours, multi-day tours
• Different forms of transport may have a degree of "substitutability". Car dominates recreational and non-recreational travel in most developed countries and offers considerable flexibility in accessing destination areas.
• Understanding Why People Travel

  • A desire to escape from a mundane environment
  • An opportunity for play
  • The strengthening of family bonds
  • Health
  • Social interaction
  • Educational opportunities
  • Wish fulfilment
  • Shopping
• Motivation

  The causes of personal action in tourism and other activities
• No single paradigm or model is likely to explain all tourism behaviour. No single typology is likely to have more than specific relevance.
• Tourism is in fact both multi-motivational and made up of multiple groups of tourists, many of whom are experienced as tourists and versatile in their use of tourism
• The literature on tourist transport is significantly different from the prevailing economic analysis of behavior since it focuses on traveller and different markets to examine the different travel choices made in relation to leisure and tourism, it considers traveller choices and mode of travel, and it lacks any real clear conceptual framework, or theoretical framework
• Principal Methods of Forecasting

  • The projection by extrapolation, of historic trends
  • Extrapolation, subject to the application of weights or variables
  • Structure group discussions amongst a panel of tourism transport experts may be used to assess factors determining future traffic forecasts known as the Delphi method.
• 2 Basic Types of Forecasting Method

  • Qualitative techniques such as the Delphi method
  • Quantitative forecasting methods, using techniques developed from statistics and economy theory.
• Air Transport

  An important element of the tourism systems as just over half (52%) of all worldwide inbound travelers enter a country via air.
• Aircraft

  Any machine capable of flying by means of buoyancy or aerodynamic forces. Such as Glider, Helicopter, Aeroplane
• Passenger Aircraft

  An aircraft configured for the transport of passengers and their baggage. Any freight, including mail, is generally carried in cargo holds in the belly of the aircraft.
• Airline (Commercial Air Transport Operator)

  An aviation enterprise operating aircraft for commercial purposes which performs scheduled or non-scheduled air transport services or both. Is certifies for such purposes by the civil aviation authority of the state in which it is established.
• Commercial Air Flight

  An air transport flight performed for the public transport of passengers and/or freight and mail, for remuneration and for hire.
• Domestic Flight

  A flight having exclusively domestic flight stages. Ex: PAL, 5J
• International Flight

  A flight having one or more international flight stages. Ex: QR, SQ, EK, NZ
• Historical Development of Air Transport

  • 1st regular passenger air service was established in Florida in 1914. But it was a sea plane.
  • Air transportation established after First World War
  • Large planes capable of fast commercial airmail transportation
  • Junkers F13, the 1st successful all-metal aircraft (1916, Europe)
  • 1st national route in Germany was established between Berlin and Weimar by the Deursche Luftreederei (DLR) to transport mail.
  • 1st international airport was built in Croydon, London 1920
  • 1st jet engines were developed in 1930's by Frank Whittle in England and by Hans Joachim Pabst von Ohain in Germany
  • The world's 1st flight with a jet airline was conducted on 27 August 1939 near Rostock in Germany
  • From 1938-1978, tremendous growth of in domestic as well as international air transportation.
  • 1995 onwards, airplanes were regularly crossing the Atlantic from Germany to the USA
  • End of 1950, passenger air traffic overtook maritime traffic across the Atlantic on this route.
  • 1972, the A300 was the 1st wide-body aircraft with only 2 engines and had its first flight.
  • Between 1988 and 1997, in Europe the deregulation in the airline industry took place in various steps.
  • Early 1990, the economic crisis forced some Asian countries to liberalize their aviation policies and especially countries in South East Asia quickly recognized the potential commercial benefits of some degree of deregulation
  • 2000, Asian national airlines as well as private companies subsequently founded either LCC subsidiaries or new LCC companies.
  • For much of the 21st century, the aviation industry has found itself in a financial crisis on a global scale.
  • Beginning of 2001, the major problems began with the economic downturn
  • 11 September 2001, they reached almost disastrous proportions after the US terror attacks
  • Between 2001 and 2005, the US industry experienced next losses of $40 billion
  • Only managed to become profitable again in 2006 with a total net profit of just over $3 billion
  • Many of the same forces affected non-US airlines, particularly international political and military events as well as the SARS- related health crisis in 2003
  • From 2001 to 2003, the non-US airlines recorded losses.
  • 2004 and 2005 they were able to achieve modest net profits
  • The factor has increased steadily the end of the 1990s for the world airlines
  • A particularly strong increase can be observed since 2000
• In 2000, Asian national airlines as well as private companies subsequently founded either LCC subsidiaries or new LCC companies
• For much of the 21st century, the aviation industry has found itself in a financial crisis on a global scale