Anaphy

• Anatomy


  Study of structure
• Physiology


  Study of function
• Levels of biological organization

  • Atom
  • Molecule
  • Organelle
  • Cell
  • Tissue
  • Organ
  • Organ system
  • Organism
  • Population
  • Community
  • Ecosystem
  • Biome
  • Biosphere
• Atom


  Electron, proton, neutron
• Molecule


  2 atoms chemically bonded
• Organelle


  Macromolecules with specific function in cell
• Cell


  Basic unit of life composed of organelles
• Tissue


  Group of distinct and similar cells
• Organ


  Consist of tissues
• Organ system


  Consist of different organs working together
• Organism


  Human, animal, plant, microorganism
• Population


  Group of organisms of the same species in an area
• Community


  Consist of all populations with interaction
• Ecosystem


  Consist of biotic and abiotic things
• Biome


  Desert, grassland, forest
• Biosphere


  Totality of ecosystems
• Matthias Scheilden and Theodore Schwann: 'All living organisms are made up of cells or the products of the cells. Cells are the fundamental building blocks. New cells are formed through division in the preexisting cells.'
• Prokaryotic


  No true nucleus - bacteria and Archaea. Produce asexual and sexually, haploid, binary fission, unicellular
• Prokaryotic cell structures


  • Capsule
  • Cell wall
  • Plasmid
  • Nucleoid
  • Pilus
  • Flagellum
• Eukaryotic


  True nucleus - protozoa, fungi, plants, animals. Unicellular and multicellular, paired diploid, cell division by mitosis
• Eukaryotic cell structures


  • Nuclear pore
  • Chromatin
  • Nucleus
  • Nucleoplasm
  • Nuclear envelope or membrane
  • Ribosome
  • Rough endoplasmic reticulum
  • Soft endoplasmic reticulum
  • Mitochondria
  • Golgi apparatus
  • Golgi Vesicle
  • Lysosome
  • Peroxisome
  • Vacuole
  • Centrosome
  • Cytoskeleton
  • Microtubules
• Plant cell structures


  • Central vacuole
  • Chloroplast
  • Plastid
  • Plasmodesmata
  • Thylakoid
  • Granum
  • Stroma
• Endomembrane system


  Group of membranes and organelles in eukaryotic cells that works together to modify, package, and transport lipids and proteins. From nucleus to RER to SER or Golgi apparatus
• Cell modifications


  • Cilia
  • Flagella
  • Villi
  • Microvilli
  • Pseudopods
• Specialized cells


  • Blood cell
  • Gametes
  • Nerve cell
  • Xylem
  • Phloem
  • Stem cell
• Digestive system


  Converts food into its simplest form. Nutrients from food is absorbed in bloodstream in small intestine and carried to cells in the body. The digestive system is a tubular system that extends from mouth to anus.
• Digestive system components


  • Mouth
  • Pharynx
  • Epiglottis
  • Esophagus
  • Stomach
  • Small intestine
  • Large intestine
• Accessory digestive organs


  • Teeth
  • Tongue
  • Salivary glands
  • Liver
  • Gallbladder
  • Pancreas
• Sphincter


  A ring-shaped muscle that relaxes or tightens to open or close a passage or opening in the body
• Bolus


  Food that is broken down or chewed and swallowed into the pharynx
• Peristalsis


  The rhythmic contraction of smooth muscle that pushes the bolus down to the stomach
• Functions of the digestive system

  • Ingestion
  • Secretion
  • Mixing and propulsion
  • Digestion
  • Absorption
  • Defecation
• Digestive glands of carnivorous plants

  Secrete mucilage, pitcher fluids, acids, and proteins, including digestive enzymes
• Digestive system of mollusk

  • Composed of a mouth, radula, odontophore, stomach, and anus
  • The radula, with its associated teeth, are responsible for scraping food off surfaces and into the mollusk's mouth
  • Odontophore is the cartilage which underlies and supports the radula, a ribbon of teeth
• Insect's digestive system


  • A closed system, with one long enclosed coiled tube called the alimentary canal which runs lengthwise through the body
  • The alimentary canal only allows food to enter the mouth, and then gets processed as it travels toward the anus
• Gastric caeca


  Provide extra surface area for secretion of enzymes or absorption of water
• Crop


  Insect gut
• Digestive system of amphibians

  • Has two major components, a digestive tract, and digestive glands
  • The digestive tract starts from the mouth and ends as the anus, emptying into the cloaca
• Pithing


  A procedure used in laboratories to immobilize a biological specimen, for instance a frog. A needle is inserted through the rear base of the skull and wiggled, destroying the brain. It is relatively painless to the frog.
• Parts of the digestive system

  • Mouth
  • Stomach
  • Intestines