more morphology questions

• In context-sensitive inflection, the realization of a morphosyntactic feature varies.
• Concord or agreement occurs when one element in a sentence takes on the morphosyntactic features of another element.
• Sufijo comitativo

  accion de compañia, union o acciòn conjunta
• formas no personales del verbo

  no expresan persona gramatical (primera, segunda o tercera persona) infinitivo, gerundio y participio
• Sincretismo

  es la unión o convergencia de dos o más unidades lingüísticas que tenían un origen diferente, pero que acaban siendo una misma forma o expresión. Es un proceso común en la evolución de las lenguas.
• Oraciones de relativo


  oraciones subordinadas adjetivas o de relativo que modifican a un sustantivo o pronombre de la oración principal. Restrictivas y apositivas
• Oraciones de relativo restrictivas


  Aportan información esencial para identificar al antecedente (el sustantivo al que se refieren). Sin ellas, la oración principal carecería de sentido completo.
• Oraciones de relativo apositivas (o explicativas)


  implemente añaden información adicional, un dato accesorio sobre el antecedente, pero no es imprescindible para entender la oración principal.
• Preterito e imperfecto

  hablan sobre acciones pasadas

  1. Pretérito (o pretérito perfecto simple): acciones pasadas que se consideran completas, específicas y limitadas en el tiempo. Se utiliza para eventos puntuales que ocurrieron en un momento específico en el pasado.
  2. Imperfecto (o pretérito imperfecto): acciones pasadas que son habituales, continuas, repetidas o que no tienen un inicio o fin claramente definido en el pasado. También se usa para describir acciones que estaban en curso en un momento específico en el pasado o para establecer el contexto de una narración.
• enclítico

  se refiere a una palabra que se une al final de otra palabra o forma verbal. En español, los enclíticos son principalmente pronombres que se añaden al final de un verbo conjugado, formando una sola palabra."Dámelo",
• all and only criterion

  whether a certain linguistic category (sound, word, syntactic structure) belong to a class or category

  if only it satisfies all properties of a class
• parsing


  breaking down sentences into syntactic components on how they are related to each other
• syntax tree


  visual representation

  each node a syntactic constituent and its relationship to other nodes
• functional syntax


  meaning and function of words

  syntactic structures in a sentences
• formal syntax


  abstract structure of the sentence itself
• syntax


  meaning of a sentence by combining the structural relationship between words
• transformaciones sintacticas


  cambios en la estructura supergiciak de la oracion no altera el significado profundo

  generaciòn de oraciones mas complejas a partir de simples
• voz pasiva


  verbo ser + pasado participio del verbo principal
• levels of language structure


  phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics
• ellipsis


  leaving out words than can be inferred from the context, the remain words are constituents
• constituency test


  method to determine whether a group of words is a constituent

  substitution: replacing a group of words with a single word or pronoun

  movement: move the group within the sentence

  coordination: joining a group within a coordinating conjunctions
• types of collocations


  adjective-noun: heavy rain

  verb-object: make a desicion

  verb-preposition: get on a train
• fixed phrase


  based on linguistic/cultural convention
• sentence builder

  type of ficed phrase

  combining elements in a specific order
• subcategorization of verbs 


  Transitive verbs: verbs that require a direct object

  intransitive verbs: do not take a do. the bird flew

  ditransitive verbs: both d.o, i.o

  transitive directional verbs: d.o indicate direction or location
• selectional restrictions


  constraints ion the type of complement that can be used with particular word, based on the meaning of the word
• phase structure


  hierarchical structure of phrases
• dependacy structure


  representing the relationships between words in a sentence
• highly constrained phrase


  limited variability in structure and meaning

  prepositional phrase: always work as an adverbial modifier
• components of a phrase

  head: syntactic category

  modifiers: aditional information about the head
• non fintite/ finite verbs

  non finite marked for tense, person, and number, infinities, gerunds, particles

  finit: conjugate for tense, person, number
• fronting


  move at the beginning for emphasis
• clause

  group of words: subject+predicate

  independant, dependant
• main clause

  stand alone

  complete tought
• subordinate clause


  presence of subordinate conjunction or relative pronoun

  complement: of the main clause

  relative: modifies the noun, introduce by relative pronun
• subordinate clause types


  adverbial: when/where/how/why

  adjectival: noun in the main clause

  nominal: subject,object, complement of the main clause

  additional information or context

  time,place,manner

  cause-effect

  condition or concession
• Clause of concession vs clause of condition

  Conseccion: contrary to what might be expected: although, even though

  condition: hypothetical situation met to the main clause to be true: if, unless
• generative grammar


  small and finite set of rules

  it can be used to "generate" or produce sentence structures and not just describe them.

  How some superficially different phrases and sentences are closely

  related

  how some superficially similar phrases and sentences are in fact

  different.
• Raised object


  Appers to be a direct object

  linked to a lower verb

  I want to read a book- book lower verb-read

  apper to be the object of want
• rematizacion

  anteponer un constituyente oracional