features of eukaryotic organisms

• Fungi


  Mostly multicellular, however there are single celled fungi like yeast
• Fungi


  • Made up of thread-like structures called hyphae which contain many nuclei
  • Cells contain a nucleus with a distinct membrane
  • Cell walls made up of chitin
• Fungi


  Do not carry out photosynthesis, instead feed by secreting extra cellular digestive enzymes onto their food, then absorbing the digested molecules (saprotrophic nutrition)
• Fungi body

  Usually organized into a mycelium
• Fungi


  May store carbohydrates as glycogen
• Fungi


  • Mucor (has the typical fungal hyphal structure)
  • Yeast
• animals are multicellular organisms; their cells do not contain chloroplasts and are not able to carry out photosynthesis. they usually have nervous coordination and can move from one place to another. they often store carbohydrates like glycogen.
• these are multicellular organisms that contain chloroplasts and are able to carry out photosynthesis. they have cell walls made from cellulose. the cell walls provide the plant cells with strength and protection. they store carbohydrates as starch. examples include flowering plants such as cereal (maize) and a herbaceous legume.
• a chemical reaction carried out in all living organisms, where energy is released in the presence of oxygen (aerobic respiration) or the absence of oxygen (anerobic respiration) essentially it is the process where living organisms use oxygen to get energy from food that they eat.
• protocist: a diverse singlur celled, microscopic organism. some prototiscts photosynthesis because they have plant cell features such as a cell wall and chloroplast. e.g green algae such as chlorella. some protocists have features making them more like animal cells. e.g plasmodium which is the protocist that causes maleria.
• protocist do not have nervous coordination and have a nucleus with a distinct membrane
• movement: an action by a living organism that causes a change in position or place. by muscle action in animals and slow growth movements in plants. e.g a fish swimming, plant roots moving towards water.
• sensitivity: the response to stimuli, and sensitivity to change in environment. e.g increase of temperature (stimulus) and human skin begins to sweat. in plants, they respond to their surroundings by geotropism & phototropism
• reproduction: the process of producing an off spring through a-sexual or sexual reproduction. sexual reproduction: in humans the male (sperm) and female (egg) gametes fuse together. in plants male gamete is the pollen grains and female gamete is the ovule. asexual reproduction: cells or whole organisms that reproduce using a sexual reproduction. only 1 parent involved so an exact clone is produced. example is mitosis
• excretion is the removal of toxic materials and substances from organisms. toxic materials are caused by chemical reactions that take place inside living cells which are described as metabolic reactions which produce waste products, some of which are toxic that must be eliminated. in animals, waste product is eliminated by carbon dioxide in respiration, water in respiration, and urea which contains nitrogen. in plants, waste product is removed by oxygen in photosynthesis, carbon dioxide in respiration, and water from respiration
• nutrition: organisms must obtain food to provide energy. plants use sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to produce oxygen and glucose in the process of photosynthesis. animals consume other living organisms in order to obtain the energy they require. they breakdown larger molecules through digestion
• growth: the permanent increase in size and complexity. in animals, it grows larger between zygote and adult stage. in plants, it grows continually through their whole life.
• cellular respiration: the process whereby living cells release energy from organic compounds. it involves breaking down complex sugars such as glucose into smaller molecules like carbon dioxide and water.
• respiration: the process whereby living things break down organic compounds into simpler ones releasing energy. this occurs within all living cells. aerobic respiration requires oxygen and produces carbon dioxide. anaerobic respiration does not require oxygen but still releases energy.
• mitochondria: the site of cellular respiration. it has its own DNA and ribosomes.