Science

• Location descriptor


  • City
  • State
  • Country
  • Landmark
• Coordinates


  Degrees of latitude and longitude that help you locate a place on a map or globe
• Grid Mapping


  • Latitude and longitude work with a numbered grid system
  • Has horizontal lines and vertical lines that intersect
• How to locate places using latitude and longitude

  1. Know the coordinates

  2. Look for the equator at 0º as the reference point for latitude

  3. See if the direction is North or South

  4. If the direction is North, look for the lines of latitude in Northern Hemisphere, if the direction is South, look for the lines of latitude in Southern Hemisphere

  5. Latitude is written or given first
• How to locate places using longitude

  1. Look first for the prime meridian at 0º as the reference point

  2. See if the direction is West or East

  3. If the direction is West, look for the lines of longitude to the left of Prime meridian in Western Hemisphere, if the direction is East, look for the lines of longitude to the right of Prime meridian in Eastern Hemisphere

  4. Longitude is written or given after the latitude
• Equator


  An imaginary line dividing the earth's surface into two hemispheres; Northern Hemisphere (half of the globe from equator to North Pole) and Southern Hemisphere (half of the globe from equator to South Pole)
• Equator is located at zero degree (0°)
• The North Pole lies at 90°N and the South Pole lies at 90°S with the Equator as the reference point
• Coordinate system


  Arrangement of reference lines or imaginary lines on the globe
• Coordinate system


  • Allows the position or location of any place on Earth's surface to be determined and described
• Imaginary lines on the globe

  • Latitude
  • Longitude
  • Equator
  • Prime meridian
• Prime Meridian


  An imaginary line dividing the earth's surface into two hemispheres; Western Hemisphere and Easter Hemisphere
• Latitude


  Horizontal lines, progressive angular measurements north or south of the equator
• Latitude


  • Imaginary lines running from east to west on the Earth's surface
  • Often referred to as parallels
  • Parallels get smaller towards the poles than closer to the equator
  • Measured in degrees
• Longitude


  Vertical lines, measurements east or west of the Prime Meridian
• Prime Meridian serves as a reference point for measuring the distance east or west, located at zero degree (0°) at Greenwich, England
• Longitude


  • Imaginary lines running from the North Pole to the South Pole
  • Often referred to as meridians
  • Meridians are important for setting time zones
  • Measured in equal degrees per line
• The equator is an imaginary line on the globe
• The farthest point eastwards from the Prime Meridian is expressed as 180°E and the farthest point westward is expressed as 180°W
• Sound is produced when a vibration causes pressure variations in the medium. B. HUMAN HEARING sound wave vibrates ear drum amplified by bones Haman voice uses several types of sound production an modification of mechanisms.
• PROPAGATION OF SOUND MEDIUM -MatERIAL +Hat sound Waves can TRAVEL +HROUGH -It can traVEL THROUGI Sounds possess the characteristics and properties tha are common to all waves. JUST LIKE ALL LONGITUDINAL (COMPRESSION) Waves, SOUND WAVES POSSESS & VELOCHY, FREQUENCY, WAVELENGTH, PHOSE, PERIOD, and AMPLIHIDE
• SOUND WAVES SOUND It is composed of waves of compression and rarefaction in which the human ear is sensitive -It simply follow an orderly pattern or coherence, of motion. -It can begin either from simple -sound waves carry energy. -sound wave is a longitudinal wave.
• The vocal chords locate in the LARYNX (voice box) in the throat primarily produces the sound for singing and fo spoken vowels. -sounds produced differ because of the differences in SHAPE o the air cavities in the throat, mouth and nasa region.
• The human ear relate amplitude to loudness and frequency to plish. sounds that have the same pitch and loudness It helps to identify what produced the sound 2 Different waveforms 1. Pure tone- simplest wave form, it has a soft, pleasant tone quality and sinusoidal 2. Complex tone- nearly sinusoidal
• LIGHT - WHAT WE SEE • LIGHT- energy by wavelengths at a level we can see. • EM Spectrum- variety of wavelengths and frequency. Light Wavelength Longwave Unit of time Wavelength Shortwave Terms to help understand: WAVELENGTH Anything that causes a disturbance and transmits energy through matter. (ie: ripple on pond) FREQUENCY Number of waves in set time. Decides energy level.
• 1. FREQUENCY -number of sound waves that passes through a point in a certain amount of time, such as one second. -the greater the frequency, the higher the pitch. Hertz (Hz)- unit to measure frequency and pitch Audio frequency range -Frequency ranging 20 Hz to 20 000 Hz -Sounds that human ear can hear is an example. INFRASONICS -Frequency below 20 Hz. 2. LOUDNESS or intensity -description of how high or low the sound seems to a person -determined mainly by the amplitude of the sound wave
• CSS6f INTERACTS WITH MATTER TRANSMISSION • Light goes straight unless changes what it travels through. Travels through matter: gases (air), liquids (water) and solid (glass). TRANSMISSION: Terms for mediums • Transparent- allows all light through. Translucent- allows some light through. Opaque- allows no light through. CLEAR TRANSPARENT SMOKY-TRANSLUCENT SOLID OPAQUE
• REFRACTION • The change in direction and speed. • Moving from water to air, light changes angles and speed of travel. Refraction of Light When light rays enter a medium at an angle, the change in speed causes the rays to bend, or change direction. Air Water Glan
• CSS 6c HOW LIGHT MOVES Straight Line unless altered by what moving in. LIGHT SCATTERS AS GOES Light scatters and looses energy the further away from its source. SCATTERING Light released and spreads in all directions. Why room is even with light. Sky blue: shortest wavelengths, spread more.
• LENSES con't CONVEX -brings image to focal point. Image is larger and upside down. ie: eye, microscope, magnifying glass. CONCAVE -spreads image out. -image is smaller and upright. ie: corrective glasses.
• TO SEE COLOR • Different colors represent different wavelengths. • Blue- smaller wavelengths • Red- larger wavelengths • Color Order: ROY G BIV red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet CSS 6e WHITE LIGHT Deleting color Adding color makes WHITE makesBLACK 1 Magenta Yellow Blue Red Oreen White (center) Cyan MANY COLORS = WHITE White light from the sun Glass
• EM ENERGY: Long wavelengths + Low frequency = LOW ENERGY Short wavelengths + High frequency = HIGH ENERGY What Is the Electromagnetic Spectrum? • The electromagnetic spectrum is the complete range of electromametic ing The Electromagnetic Spectrum Camma ray Маткан Infrared Rade
• Heat Transfer Conduction transfer of energy bietanen adjacent molecules Convection movement of a hot fluid Radiation emission of electromagnetic rays CONDUCTION - takes place between objects that are direct contact with each other. - is the "direct transfer" of heat. - Conduction works best through SOLIDS. example: heating a pan from a stove Conduction of it Condaction of Electricity
• HEAT TEMPERATURE HEAT 333 The total energy of the motion in molecules of a substance. TEMPERATURE Refers to the relative hotness or coldness of an object Measure the average. energy in motions of the molecules in the substance. It can be measured with thermometer. - Celcius, Fahrenheit and Kelvin.
• CONCEPTS OF THERMAL ENERGY AND HEAT SOLID LIQUID GAS SOLID LIQUID GAS THERMAL ENERGY Refers to the ENERGY POSSESSED BY AN OBJECT or system due to MOVEMENT OF PARTICLES within the object or the system. 00 HEAT - flow of energy - "energy in transit" energy from higher temperature to lower temperature. - the transfer of energy is due to the difference in temperature.
• Heat Transfer Conduction transfer of energy bietanen adjacent molecules Convection movement of a hot fluid Radiation emission of electromagnetic rays CONDUCTION - takes place between objects that are direct contact with each other. - is the "direct transfer" of heat. - Conduction works best through SOLIDS. example: heating a pan from a stove Conduction of it Condaction of Electricity
• CONVECTION - is the transfer of energy by the rising or sinking of matter due to density differences. - method of heat transfer through the circulation of liquid and gas. LIQUID GAS C DEA COOLTE LAND BREEZE LARE MA shutterstock CONVECTION Her, low dow water res Wimer cools, becomes more dene,
• HEAT

  HOT SUBSTANCE

  
  

  higher temperature

  
  

  COLD SUBSTANCE

  
  

  NATURAL FLOW OF HEAT

  
  

  lower temperature

  
  

  METHODS OF HEAT TRANSFER

  
  

  CONDUCTION

  
  

  CONVECTION

  
  

  RADIATION