co-ordination

• Co-ordination

  Making our organs and systems work together
• Nervous system

  Monitors faster processes like breathing and body movement
• Endocrine system

  In charge of body processes that happen slowly, such as cell growth
• The nervous system and endocrine system often work together to help the body function properly
• Two co-ordinating systems required

  • One involving a slow but sustained action that usually has long-term effects on the body
  • One that is quick and achieves immediate, short-term control over specific body parts
• Nervous System

  1. Central Nervous System (CNS)

  2. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

  
• Receptors

  Cells located in our sense organs that detect changes in our surroundings
• Stimulus

  Any change inside an organism or its environment, which leads to a response
• Response

  Any action carried out by an organism when a stimulus is received
• Effectors

  Glands, muscles, etc., which carry out the instructions they receive from the brain

  
• Sensory impulses

  Nerve impulses going from the sense organs to the CNS

  
• Motor impulses

  Nerve impulses going from the CNS to the effectors
• Types of neurones

  • Sensory neurone
  • Relay neurone
  • Motor neurone

  
• Synapse

  Where an impulse crosses from one neurone to another

  
• Reflex Arc

  1. Stimulus

  2. Receptor

  3. Coordinator

  4. Effector

  5. Response
• Reflex actions

  • Rapid, automatic responses to stimuli that we do not have any control over
• Examples of reflexes

  • Knee jerk
  • Withdrawal of hand
  • Blinking
  • Pupil
  • Salivation
• Central Nervous System

  The brain and spinal cord
• Cerebrum

  • The largest part of the brain, consisting of two cerebral hemispheres
  • Receives various impulses from different sense organs, sorts them out and sets off an appropriate response
  • Enables us to learn as it can store information
  • Involved with intelligence, which includes the ability to apply past experiences to new situations

  
• Medulla Oblongata

  Controls automatic actions like our heartbeat, breathing and blood pressure
• Cerebellum

  Controls our sense of balance and muscular actions
• Spinal Cord

  • Consists of thousands of nervous cells and is protected by the vertebral column
  • Concerned with reflex actions below the neck, conducting sensory impulses from the body parts to the brain and conducting motor impulses from the brain to the body parts

  
• Endocrine System

  A collection of glands that secrete chemical messages called hormones
• Types of glands

  • Exocrine glands
  • Endocrine glands
• Hormones

  • Thyroxine
  • Insulin
  • Glucagon
  • Adrenaline
  • Oestrogen
  • Progesterone
  • Testosterone
  • Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
  • Follicle Stimulating Hormone
  • Lutenizing Hormone
  • Antiduretic Hormone
  • Prolactin