ucsp

• Institutions


  A system that is considered important or typical feature of a particular society or group, usually because it has existed for a long time
• Types of Institutions


  • Cultural Institutions
  • Social Institutions
  • Political Institutions
• Cultural Institutions


  • Norms, beliefs, and practices that shape the way people think and behave in a society
  • Enable individuals to appreciate and respect the diversity of human experiences and to avoid stereotyping or misinterpreting the actions of others
• Social Institutions


  • Formal and informal rules and structures that govern social relations, such as the family, education, healthcare systems, and other non-state institutions
  • Can help individuals navigate their daily lives and understand the larger systems that influence their opportunities and experiences
• Political Institutions


  • The formal organizations and procedures that shape the distribution of power in a society, including governments, legal systems, and electoral systems
  • Enable individuals to participate in the political process, hold leaders accountable, and advocate for policies that reflect their values and interests
• Family


  The basic unit in society traditionally consisting of two parents rearing their children
• Kinship


  The social relationships that are based on blood ties or marriage
• Marriage


  A legal and social union between two individuals, typically to form a family, and marriage is culture-specific
• Household


  A group of individuals who live together in a shared space, such as a house or an apartment. In the context of family, the household is the primary unit of social organization, and it is the place where family members interact, share resources, and perform various household tasks
• Types of Marriage


  • Endogamy - The practice of marrying within one's own social group, tribe, or community
  • Exogamy - The practice of marrying outside one's own social group, tribe, or community
  • Monogamy - The practice of having only one spouse; a spouse cannot have more than one spouse
  • Polygamy - The practice of having multiple spouses at the same time
  • Polyandry - The practice of having multiple husbands at the same time
  • Polygyny - The practice of having multiple wives at the same time
• Types of Residence


  • Patrilocal residence - a man remains in his father's house
  • Matrilocal residence - that a woman remains in her mother's household
  • Ambilocal residence - called bilocal residence is the societal post-marital residence in which couples, upon marriage, choose to live with or near either spouse's parents
  • Neolocal residence - a type of post-marital residence in which a newly married couple resides separately from both the husband's natal household and the wife's natal household
• Unilineal Systems


  A system of determining descent groups in which one belongs to one's father's or mother's line, whereby traced exclusively through male ancestors (patriline), female ancestors (matriline), or both
• Patrilineal


  Relating to or based on relationship to the father or descent through the male line
• Matrilineal


  Refers to familial relationships that can be traced through a female. To follow the matrilineal line in your family, start with your mom
• Bilateral


  Bi means "two" and lateralis means "belonging to the side." Debates about issues can be described as bilateral — if people on both sides get to speak. However, bilateral can describe anything with two sides, like some of the organs in the body: the brain, heart, and lungs all have two distinct sides
• Types of Family (based on number of people)

  • Nuclear / Traditional Family - composed of a father, mother, and their offspring/s
  • Extended Family - composed of the nuclear family plus the parents/siblings of either the father, mother, or both
  • Single - Parent Family - this type of family comprises just the single parent rearing the child or children while earning for the offspring/s
  • Childless Family - a married couple without children and maybe living all by themselves
• Types of Family (based on authority & power structure)


  • Patriarchal - the decision-making authority and power lies in the hands of the man
  • Matriarchal - authority and power are vested in the woman
  • Egalitarian - the decision-making authority and power are equally distributed between the husband and wife
• Other Types of Family

  • Reconstituted Family - composed of the spouses and their children from previous marriages
  • Same-sex Parents Family - a family comprised of parents of the same sex, they may or may not have a child/ren
• Religion


  An integral part of human culture, shaping our beliefs, values, and behaviors
• Classifications of Religion


  • Animism - all things, including animals, plants, and inanimate objects, possess a spirit or soul
  • Polytheism - belief in multiple gods or deities
  • Monotheism - belief in a single, all-powerful god or deity; Judaism, Christianity, and Islam
  • Institutionalized religions - those that have an established hierarchy, formalized structures, and often a set of written texts or scriptures
  • Separation of church and state - Article 5 Section 3 - individuals are free to practice their religion without interference from the government
  • Pantheism - the universe conceived of as a whole is God and, conversely, that there is no God but the combined substance, forces, and laws that are manifested in the existing universe
  • Henotheism - devotion to a single primary god while accepting the existence or possible existence of other deities. It is considered as "monotheism in principle and polytheism in fact."
• Health Institutions


  • They are responsible for the delivery of healthcare services, the training and education of healthcare professionals, and the development of health policies and regulations
• Culture-specific syndromes and illnesses

  Health conditions that are unique to cultures or regions
• Systems of diagnosis, prevention, and healing

  • Traditional healing systems - often based on local knowledge and practices and may involve the use of herbal remedies, ritual practices, and spiritual healing
  • Western medicine - based on scientific evidence and relies on the use of pharmaceuticals, surgery, and other medical interventions
  • Alternative healing systems - such as acupuncture, massage therapy, and homeopathy, are based on non-Western approaches to health and wellness
• Health as a human right


  Increasingly recognized as a human right, and access to healthcare is a key component of this right
• Economic Institutions


  • Govern the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services in society
• Key Economic Institutions


  • Reciprocity - that involves the exchange of goods and services between individuals or groups without the use of money
  • Transfers - transfer of resources or wealth from one individual or group to another
  • Redistribution - transferring resources or wealth from one group or individual to another through a centralized authority, such as the state. Redistribution can take many forms, including progressive taxation, social welfare programs, and public goods and services
  • Market Transactions - take place through the use of money in a market setting. Market transactions are governed by the laws of supply and demand, and they are often used as a means of allocating resources and determining prices
• Market & State Relationship

  • Interdependence - Markets need a legal framework, States need markets for revenue, Markets can create externalities
  • Degree of Intervention - Market-oriented approach, State-led approach
• Examples of state intervention in markets

  • Monetary policy: Central banks influence interest rates and money supply to manage inflation and economic growth
  • Fiscal policy: Governments use taxes and spending to influence the economy and redistribute income
  • Regulation: The state sets rules and standards for industries like food safety, environmental protection, and consumer protection
  • Competition policy: The state enforces antitrust laws to prevent anti-competitive practices and promote fair competition
• Educational Institutions


  • Designed to provide formal education to individuals at different levels, including primary, secondary, and tertiary education
• Five functions of Education

  • Socialization - used to promote the norms and values of a society from one generation to the next
  • Social Integration - Because education is used to transmit norms and values, it can also be regarded as a unifying force
  • Social Placement - Formal education helps students discover approved statuses and roles that will help the society's longevity
  • Cultural Innovation - enables new ideas to develop, as well as provides the basis for new knowledge to become accepted in the mainstream
  • Latent Functions of Formal Education - institution of childcare & social network
• Productive Citizenry

  One of the functions of education
• Self-Actualization

  One of the functions of education
• Other Non-state Institutions

  • Banks and Corporations
  • Cooperatives and trade unions
  • Transnational advocacy groups
  • Developmental agencies
  • International organizations
• Politics

  Which people make, preserve, and amend the general rules in which they live
• Power

  Refers to the ability to do something to achieve a desired outcome
• Authority

  Refers to the right to exercise power, and it is typically vested in political leaders and institutions
• Legitimacy

  Moral or ethical basis of authority. Legitimate authority is authority that is recognized and accepted by the people who are subject to it
• Types of Political Organizations and Leadership Structures

  • Bands - small, egalitarian societies
  • Tribes - organized around kinship ties, often have a chief or council
  • Chiefdoms - centralized in the hands of a chief or king
  • States - with a centralized government and a formal system of laws and regulations
  • Nations - group of people who share common language, culture and history
• Political Dynasties

  Refers to a succession of rulers from the same line of descent. Thus, relatives who stay in power - specifically, members of one family who continuously hold elective political positions - are considered members of a political dynasty
• Political Clientelism

  Defined as giving material goods in return for electoral support. The relationship involves two parties: the patron (politician) and the client (voter)