PART 1

• Packaging


  The technology or process that ensures adequate protection and safe delivery of a produce from the producer to the consumer
• Package


  The structure designed to contain a produce
• Packing


  The act of putting commodities in a package
• Functions of Packaging

  • Contains a convenient size or amount of a produce
  • Protects produce in transit from physical damage which affects external and internal appearance
  • Displays the produce and promotes its sale in self-service stores
• Physiological Disorders


  Abnormal flavor, texture, odor, taste or color of the whole commodity or its parts due to unfavourable physical or chemical factors, caused by more than one factor, non-pathological disease
• Physiological Disorders

  • Internal breakdown of mango
  • Green soft disorder of bananas
  • Endogenous brown spot of pineapples
  • Vascular streaking in cassava
  • Greening of potatoes

  
• Pathological Disease


  Disease caused by a pathogen that results in symptoms like sunken black spots, brown lesions, dark lesions, soft mushy lesions
• Pathological Diseases

  • Anthracnose
  • Diploidia Stem-End Rot
  • Crown Rot Complex
  • Bacterial Soft Rot
• Mechanical Damage


  Alteration in the appearance or shape of a commodity due to physical factors like dropping, throwing, pressing, bouncing, or insect bites
• Sources of Damage

  Impact, Pressure, Vibration
• Flexible Packages


  Useful for hard or bulky commodities, includes bags and sacks
• Semi-rigid and Rigid Packages


  Protective capacity depends on the rigidity of the package
• non-pathological disease


  any abnormality
• bruising


  changes in texture, color, and/or flavor due to physical factors w/o any breakage in the skin
• distortion

  change in the shape of an intact fruit or vegetable not characteristic variety
• wounding

  damage accompanied w break in the skin
• cut

  penetration or division by sharpe edge of an object
• puncture

  small hole or wound made by pointed object or stems
• crack

  division without complete separation of the parts
• split

  division or separation into parts regardless of the instrument or cause
• abrasion

  removal, scraping or separation of the skin from the pulp
• scuffing

  tomatoes and potato
• skinning

  potatoes if only part of the skin is removed
• feathering

  potatoes when separated skin is still attached to the unseparated skin
• impact


  collision between produce and a hard surface; amount of damge absorbed by the produce; produce undergoes rapid acceleration of deceleration; result in bruising, cracks, and splits; higher the place dropped and more times dropped, faster it deteriorates
• pressure

  compression, top loading, or dead load; heavy weight is placed on top of the commodity; no physical momvement is necessary for damage to occur; damage caused by a very deep container, overpacking, packing in a weak container, or stacking fruits to high; can result to distortion, cracks, and splits; as dept increaes, the proportion of pressure damage increaes
• vibration

  repeatedly shaken for prolonged periods during transportation; minimized using rigid containers and limited moveoment of the base; plastic crates absorbs and dissipate the force; cause abrasion; top layer greatest damage; poor suspension system of trucks and rough roads will increase vibration damage
• burlap or gunny sack

  • a coarse cloth made of jute, flax, or hemp
  • easy to handle nad has good ventilation
  • coarse or fine meshed
  • potatoes since it admits air can abosrb moisture, prevents greening
  • difficulty of inspection and provides little protection
• mesh or net bag

  • non-rigid container of fibrous material characterized by an open weave
  • polypropylene filaments
  • called by the color of the bag or orange bags
  • allows air to circulate around the bunch
  • covers the whole bunch
  • reusable for many years
  • less protection from dust
  • no protection from rain
• polythylene bags

  • shipping containers in thai and phili
  • can be transported at night
  • no protection from mechanical damage
• palm leaf bags

  • field collection or shipping small volumes of commodities to nearby markets
• sack of woven plastic fabric

  • light weigh, strong, and durable plastic bags
  • various applications
  • recycable
  • rice, fertilizer, or other materials
• baskets

  • flexible or rigid containers woven from bamboo or rattan strips
  • from splits from the outer rinf of bamboo are usually rigid
  • loosely wooven types are less rigid than tightly woven ones
• baskets

  • cheap and available
  • light and easy to handle
  • good ventil
  • sloping sides r nestable
• baskets

  • loss of produce value could be high since most designs get deformed easily
  • sides and bottom are rough or sharp
  • bottom not stable
  • not utilize space
• wooden crates

  • solidly walled and rectangle shaped container
  • slats or has open spaces at sides and bottoms
  • sawn lumber, plywood, or bamboo
  • rigid so it affords better protection especilly for long storage period in cold rooms and long dis transport
  • expensive, heavy, and rough sifes
• cartons

  • cardboard, paperboard, or fiber board wch are made of paper sheets of varying thickness
  • telescopic - cover is separate from the main carton
  • open top - cover with 4 flaps wch when folded acts as cover
  • light - reduces freight cost if basis is by weight
  • smooth walls
  • adequate protection if waterproofed and suficient thickness is used
  • attractive
• cartons

  • banana, citrus, avo, mang, pine, mel, head lett, tom, asparag
  • consumer packs master carton
  • used when commodities are air freighted due to lightness
• plastic crates

  • returnable or one-trip packages
  • one trip packages are not durable
  • nestable
  • have plastic cover or none at all
  • returnable are used in a close marketing system
  • very rigid hence provides excellent protection from physical damage
  • good ventil
  • cleaned, durable, easy to stack
• plastic crates

  • most r expensive
  • returnable need n effective mechanism for return