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• Wika


  Nagsisilbing kaluluwa ng lipunan, reservoir ng kultura at karanasan ng isang lipunan, nagbibigay ng historical perspective
• Actual Past


  The true event that occurred in a specified period of time, stated exactly how it occurred
• Written Past


  Historians' interpretation of what happened, can be diluted or manipulated by the writer's perspective, worldview, and values
• Tao


  • Pinakaimportanteng parte ng kasaysayan, siya ang humuhubog ng kasaysayan dahil siya ang author nito, may sariling pag-iisip at paniniwala na gumagabay sa kanilang mga aksyon
• Lugar


  • Kung saan naganap ang pangyayaring historikal, nagbibigay konteksto sa pangyayari
• Panahon


  • Importante upang maayos ang kronolohiya ng kasaysayan, isa sa mga pinahahalagahan sa pag-aaral ng kasaysayan
• Uri ng Sangguniang Pangkasaysayan

  • Primarya
  • Sekondarya
  • Direkta
  • Di-direkta
  • Orihinal
  • Di-orihinal
  • Nakasulat
  • Oral
  • Biswal
• Primary Source


  Nabuo sa panahong tinutukoy; contemporary to the event
• Secondary Source


  A source that used the primary source for its contents
• Aspekto ng Kritikang Pangkasaysayan

  • External Criticism (Authenticity, Porma at Ayos, Pisikal na anyo ng dokumento, Paggamit ng pantulong na disiplina)
  • Internal Criticism (Pagsusuri ng layon/motivation ng historyador, Pagsusuri sa laman at interpretasyon, Pagsusuri sa mga Batis na ginamit)
• Peryodisasyon


  Pagtukoy sa mga identifying events at turning points
• Timeline Complexities


  • Events do not exist in a vacuum, it is a continuum (Masalimuot na mga kaganapan, Overlapping events/periods, Pag-uugnay)
• Historical Nuances


  Reconstruction and understanding of the past using simplified notions, recognizing the dynamic nature of history
• Historiography


  Science of Writing history, distribution of responsibilities between the author and the reader of history
• Mga Suliraning Pangkasaysayan


  • Aspektong Teknikal (Wika at Pagkakaunawa, Aksesibilidad o Kawalan ng Batis o Ebidensya, Pagkalimot, Reliability, Credibility)
  • Aspektong Ideyolohikal (Acceptability, Biases, Contrasting and Contradicting Claims, Myth Making and Sanitizing History, Vanishing Sources and Works, Fallacies, Plagiarism and Forgery)
• Steps in Primary Source Analysis

  1. Evaluate (What is its origin?, What is its purpose?, What is its content?)

  2. Interpret (What does it mean?, What is its Significance?, What are the implications?)
• Biases in historical analysis

  • Inherent biases of the writer based on worldview, values, and social standing
  • Contrasting and contradicting claims
  • Myth making and sanitizing history
  • Paglikha ng mga Silences sa kasaysayan (e.g. Martial Law)
  • Vanishing sources and works
  • Fallacies
  • Plagiarism and forgery
• Steps in Primary Source Analysis

  1. Evaluate

  2. Interpret

  3. Compare

  4. Synthesize
• Evaluate


  • What is its origin? (Who wrote it? What was their background/historical context?)
  • What is its purpose? (Who was the intended audience?)
  • What is its content? (What is the main message or argument? Is it authentic and legitimate?)
• Interpret


  • What does it mean? (What are the beliefs, assumptions, or values it follows/contradicts?)
  • What is its significance? (What does it reveal about the author/period of time/event? Are there any gaps or inconsistencies?)
  • What are the implications? (How does it relate to other sources? Does it prove or disprove a current claim?)
• Compare

  • Is it similar or different from other sources?
  • Are there patterns, trends, or discrepancies?
  • Which is more reliable, if applicable?
• Synthesize


  • What is the main point of your analysis? (How does it fit into the larger narrative of history?)
  • What is its implication and significance?
• Austronesian Migration


  • Began 5000 years ago, after the Neolithic Age
  • Migrated from Southern China to Taiwan to Philippines (Batanes) to Madagascar, Africa to Eastern Island, South America
  • Austronesians populated the Philippine archipelago for 1000+ years
  • Marked their entry to the tropics
• Austronesians


  • Named by linguists due to a universal nucleus to the languages of the Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia, and islands in Southeast Asia and the Pacific
  • There are 1200+ languages part of the Austronesian family
• Skills and Traditions Shared by Austronesians


  • Skilled seafarers (utilized boats with double-canoe, single-outrigger, or double-outrigger configurations)
  • House architecture reflecting the concept of the upperworld, underworld, and earthly realm
  • Backstrap loom weaving
  • Betel chewing
  • Active trading
• Manunggul Jar


  • A secondary burial jar made of clay, 51.5 cm wide and 66.5 cm high, used to protect the bodies of the dead
  • Embossed, curved design painted with pure hematite and iron
  • From Manunggul Cave of the Tabon Caves in Palawan, Philippines
  • Discovered in 1964 by B. Fox and Miguel Antonio
  • Dated to 890-710 BC
• Symbolisms of the Manunggul Jar

  • The boat represents the soul's pathway towards the afterlife
  • The sea is painted on the intersection of the lid and the jar, physically showing how the body is enclosed by the sea
  • The passenger is seated in a fetal position, symbolizing the path of going back from whence you came
  • The rower is believed to be the guide of the dead to the afterlife, an ancestor
• The interpretation of the Manunggul jar allows us to glimpse our ancestor's beliefs, especially in death, and shows their whole culture as they revere their members who have passed away with integral parts of their beliefs and daily lives
• The Manunggul jar shows that the Philippines was full of culture and practices even before the colonization era, and this responsibility emerges to integrate this to the Filipino identity of the present
• The Philippine Archipelago


  • Located in the West Pacific Region/Southeast Asia, at the juncture of the large India-Australia plate, Eurasia plate, and Pacific plate - making it the most active tectonic region
  • Formed as a result of a complex series of geological events: continental rifting, oceanic spreading, subduction, ophiolite obduction, arc-continent collision, intra-arc basin formation, and strike-slip faulting
• Major Tectonic Plates


  • Northward Indian-Australian Plate subducted under the Eurasian plate
  • Westward subduction of Pacific plate under the Eurasian plate
• Minor Tectonic Plates


  • Philippine Sea Plate subducts under Eurasian at the Ryukyu trench
  • Sunda/Sulu Sea Micro-plate Subducts along the Negros trench
  • South China Sea subducts along the Manila trench
  • Celebes Sea subducts along the Cotabato trench
• Tectono-stratigraphic Blocks


  • Palawan-Mindoro Continental Block (PCB) was originally part of the Asian Mainland, rifted during the Mesozoic
  • Philippine Mobile Belt (PMB) developed from island arcs and Ophiolite terranes during the Cretaceous
  • The PCB and PMB collided during the Miocene in the Visayas, resulting in the collage of terranes of varying origin exposed in the central Philippines
• Geologic Events/Formations


  • Earthquakes (caused by the several rigid rotating crustal blocks/platelets)
  • Basement Rocks (originated from mainland Asia containing Clastic, Carbonate and Igneous Rocks)
  • Karstic Seaside Formations (Puerto Princesa underground River, Chocolate Hills, Sagada Caves)
  • Ophiolite and Ophiolitic Basement (originated from oceanic rifts)
  • Arc basement Rocks (Magmatic Arcs of the Cordillera and Sierra Madre)
• Active Volcanoes in the Philippines

  • Mt Mayon (48 eruptions)
  • Taal Volcano (33 eruptions)
  • Mount Kanlaon (27 eruptions)
  • Mt Bulusan (17 eruptions)
• Philippine Folklore Creation Myths are included in the history of the Philippines even though they are not scientific, as they reflect how the ancient humans that inhabited the archipelago thought and entertained themselves
• Philippine Folklore Creation Myth

  • Maguayan (God of the Sea) and Captan (God of the Sky) had children who became the islands of the Philippines
  • Sicalac (first man) and Sicabay (first woman) were planted by the gods and produced the first humans
• Origin of Humans in Philippine Folklore

  • Sicalac (first man)
  • Sicabay (first woman)
  • Libo (first child of Sicalac and Sicabay)
  • Saman (second child)
  • Pandaguan (third child)
  • Arion (child of Pandaguan)
• Pandaguan was the ancestor of dark-skinned people, Arion of light-skinned people, and Saman and Libo of brown-skinned people
• Timelines


  • Geological Timeline (Pre-Cambrian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic)
  • Prehistoric Timeline (Paleolithic, Neolithic, Metal Age, Late Metal Age)
  • Ancient/Pre-colonial Timeline (Incipience Era, Pag-usbong ng mga Pag-usbong ng Tao, Pag-usbong ng Pilipino kultura, at Komunidad kultura/komunidad at pangangandayuhan)