Unit 8

• Major Depressive Disorder


  5 identifying symptoms
• DSM-5


  a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders; groups disorders by types of symptom
• psychological disorder


  deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional patterns of thoughts, feelings, or behaviors
• Rosenhan study


  study in which healthy individuals were admitted into mental hospitals after saying they were hearing voices. Once in, they acted normally and still were not labeled as impostors.
• neurodevelopmental spectrum disorders


  symptoms appear during childhood; ADHD and Autism Spectrum Disorder
• schizophrenic spectrum disorders


  A group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate actions and emotions.
• Bi-Polar Disorder


  a psychological disorder characterized by episodes of mania and depression
• Depressive disorders


  general category of mood disorders in which people show extreme and persistent sadness, despair, and loss of interest in life's usual activities; major depressive disorder, Seasonal Pattern, Peripartum Onset, Persistent Depressive Disorder
• Anxiety disorders


  disorders in which the main symptom is excessive or unrealistic anxiety and fearfulness; specific phobia, social anxiety disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder
• obsessive compulsive disorder


  a disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions) ; related disorders include hoarding and body dysmorphic disorder
• dissociative disorders


  conscious awareness becomes separated from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings; amnesia, with fugue, depersonalization/derealization disorder, identity disorder
• somatic symptom disorders


  the set of psychological disorders in which a person with at least one bodily symptom displays significant health-related anxiety, expresses disproportionate concerns about their symptoms, and devotes excessive time and energy to their symptoms or health concerns; hypochondriasis, conversion disorder, factitious disorder/imposed on another
• trauma-and stressor- related disorders


  a person experiences long-term problems with adjustment following a traumatic event; acute, PTSD
• feeding and eating disorders


  Characterized by persistent disturbance of eating behavior, leading to altered consumption or absorption of food that significantly impairs physical health and/or psychosocial functioning; bulimia, binge eating disorder, anorexia nervosa
• substance and addictive disorders


  use of/dependence on substances that affect mental functioning; includes 10 different substance classes
• personality disorders


  psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning; 3 Clusters; antisocial, borderline, narcissistic, dependent
• Aaron Beck

  cognitive therapy
• Albert Ellis

  rational emotive therapy
• Sigmund Freud

  psychoanalytic therapy
• Mary Cover Jones

  behavioral therapy - counter conditioning (can positive emotions be conditioned to replace negative emotions?)
• Carl Rogers

  humanistic, client-centered therapy
• B.F. Skinner

  behavioral therapy; operant conditioning
• Joseph Wolpe

  systematic desensitization
• behavioral treatments

  use both classical and operant conditioning to help patients change undesirable behaviors; seem to be helpful for ADD/ADHD, behavior problems, bed-wetting, marital concerns, and phobias
• cognitive treatments


  Goal is to help clients recognize dysfunctional thought patterns that lead to distress and change them
• humanistic treatments


  therapy focuses on helping people become more self-aware and accepting in order to help reach their full potential
• psychodynamic treatments


  Main goal is to uncover what is in the unconscious that might be contributing to symptoms and help the person work through it; seem to be helpful for depression
• cognitive-behavioral treatments


  Main Goals are to help clients understand how their thoughts might affect their behaviors; to change both thinking and behavior
• sociocultural treatments


  Looks at a client and their symptoms in light of culture and background
• bio-medical treatments


  attempt to change the neurochemical structure of the brain; are most effective when used in conjunction with psychotherapy
• rational-emotive therapy


  A cognitive behavior therapy that emphasizes the importance of logical, rational thought processes; seems to be effective for helping anxiety disorders and depression
• client-centered therapy


  a humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening and unconditional positive regard within a genuine, accepting, empathetic environment to facilitate clients' growth. (Also called person-centered therapy.)
• distress


  a subjective feeling that something is wrong
• dysfunction


  behavior that impairs a person's ability to live and work
• deviance


  behavior that differs significantly from the norm
• diathesis-stress model


  suggests that a person may be predisposed for a psychological disorder that remains unexpressed until triggered by environmental stress of some sort
• ADHD

  a psychological disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 of one or more of three key symptoms: extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity
• Autism Spectrum Disorder


  children show disturbances in 3 main areas - deficits in social interaction, deficits in communication, and repetitive patterns of behavior or interests
• Specific phobia


  a disorder that involves an irrational fear of a particular object or situation that markedly interferes with an individual's ability to function
• Social Anxiety Disorder


  an anxiety disorder involving the extreme and irrational fear of being embarrassed, judged, or scrutinized by others in social situations