BIOCHEM 8

• Is a theory stating that genetic information flows only in one direction. from dna to rna, rna to proteins

  The central dogma
• Who proposed the Central Dogma, and when was it first introduced?

  Francis crick 1957
• what is the exception the central dogma theory, that reverse transcribe into RNA to DNA

  Retroviruses
• the process by which the information is transferred from one strand of the DNA to RNA by the enzyme RNA Polymerase.


  Transcription
• the process by which the RNA codes for specific proteins.

  Translation
• Translation is an active process which requires energy. This energy is provided by the charged ____.

  tRNA molecules
• TRANSCRIPTION – RNA SYNTHESIS

  RNA polymerase and cofactors bind to DNA and unwind it to create initiation bubble.

  Pre initiation
• begins with the binding of RNA polymerase to the promoter in DNA.

  Initiation
• RNA polymerase must clear the promoter the first bond has been synthesized.

  Promoter clearance
• One DNA strand serves as the template for RNA synthesis, but multiple rounds of transcription may occur so that many copies of a gene can be produced.

  Elongation
• results in the release of the newly synthesized mRNA from the elongation complex.

  Termination
• the start of the gene

  Promoter
• the polymerase then separates the dna into single strands so the template strand can be read in the ___ to ___ direction

  3 to 5
• The pre mRNA moves in the ___ to ___ direction while the template strand of DNA moves oppositely

  5 to 3
• are intervening sequences between two exons found in eukaryotes.

  Introns
• They do not directly code for proteins. They are removed before the mRNA forms proteins.

  Introns
• are the coding sequences that code for the amino acid sequence of the protein.

  Exons
• are present in mature mRNA post transcriptional modification.

  Exons
• These are highly conserved sequences, they do not frequently change with

  time.

  Exons
• Found in eukaryotes only. introns or exons

  Inrons
• found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes,

  Exons
• non coding areas of the dna

  introns
• coding areas of dna

  exons
• remove before translation by Rna splicing to form mRna

  introns
• are the nucleotides sequence in mRna, ehich codes for proteins

  Exons
• Frequently changes over time, less conserved

  Introns
• are highly conserved since they do not frequently change over time

  Exons
• dna bases found between exon

  introns
• dna bases that are tanslated into protein

  exons
• introns are removed in the ___ before the mrna moves to the cytoplasm

  nucleus
• mature mrna contains ___ and moves to the cytoplasm from the nucleus

  Exons
• refers to the instructions contained in a gene that tell a cell how

  to make a specific a specific protein

  genetic code
• 3 characteristic of code

  Universal, unambiguous, redundant
• Codons are ___-letter words

  3
• the code is ___ , ___, and is almost ___

  degenarate, precise, universal
• chain initiation coded/ met

  AUG
• chain termination coded

  UAA, UAG, UGA
• Ribosomal subunits bind to mRNA.

  Iniation
• The ribosome moves along the mRNA molecule linking amino acids and forming a polypeptide chain.

  translation elongation
• The ribosome reaches a stop codon, which terminates protein synthesis and

  releases the ribosome.

  translation termination